BLOOD AND BODY DEFENCE
Dr. Amel Eassawi
Dr. Abdelrahman Mustafa
1
HMIM 224
LAB 2
2
BLOOD GROUPING
• Principle
• Agglutination – clumping of red blood cells in
response to a reaction between an antibody
and an antigen
• agglutinogen (antigen)+agglutinin(antibodies)
EQUPIMENT :
1)Anti-A antibodies
2)Anti-B antibodies
3)Anti-D antibodies
4)Slides,.
5)Alcohol swab
6)Cotton wool
7)Puncture
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•
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•
MEHODES
1) Sterilization
2) Finger pricking
3)Put 3 drops of blood in the slides
separately
• 4)Add the reagents to the blood drops
• 5)Mixing
• 6)Note the reactions
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
(ESR)
•
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a
nonspecific measurement used to detect and
monitor an inflammatory response to tissue
injury (an acute phase) in which there is a
change in the plasma concentration of several
proteins (termed acute phase proteins).
Significance of the ESR
• It primarily reflects changes in the plasma
proteins that accompany most the acute and
chronic infections, tumors, and degenerative
diseases. It may be used to follow the progress
of certain diseases such as tuberculosis and
rheumatoid arthritis.
Reagents and Equipment
1)Alcohol swab
2)Cotton wool
3)ESR measureing device
4)Westergreen tube.
5)Disposable pipettes
6)Westergren rack
7)Timer.
Procedures
1)Sterilization
2)Blood sampling
3)Fill the blood on of the bottom part of the tube
4)Make certain the Westergren ESR rack is exactly level.
5) Fill the Westergren tube to exactly the 0 mark. Making certain
there are no air bubbles in the blood.
6)Place the tube in the rack.
7) Allow the pipette to stand for exactly 60 minutes.
8)At the end of 60 minutes records the number of millimeters the
red blood cells have fallen. This result is the erythrocyte
sedimentation rate in millimeters/hour
• Normal values:
– Adult male
– Adult female
0-15 mm/hr
0-20 mm/hr
•
An increased ESR may be found in:
1. Pregnancy (after the third month).
2. Acute and chronic infections.
3. Rheumatic fever.
4. Rheumatoid arthritis.
5. Myocardial infection.
6. Nephrosis.
7. Acute hepatitis.
8. Menstruation.
9. Tuberculosis.
10. Hypothyroidism.
11. Hyperthyroidism.
•
A decreased ESR will be present in:
1. Polycythemia.
2. Congestive heart failure.
3. Hypofibrinogenemia.
Hematocrit Determination
Microhematocrit
• Hematocrit
— Test that provides a health care worker with an estimate of the
patient’s red cell volume.
— Remember that the RBCs determine a person’s oxygen capacity.
— A hematocrit measurement is used to screen for anemia, blood
donation, evaluating therapies and treatment, as well as assessing
blood loss.
• A hematocrit can be measured manually (microhematocrit) or by using
a hematology analyzer.
• A hematocrit is included as part of a CBC (complete blood count).
Microhematocrit Reference
Values
• Hematocrit Values
— Hematocrits below normal can point to……
 Anemia
 Current bleeding
— Hematocrits above normal can point to…..
 Dehydration
Polycythemia
• In a healthy person the hematocrit should be equal to the
hemoglobin multiplied by 3.
• Example: If you have a hemoglobin of 15 g/dL your
hematocrit should be around 45%.
Performing a
Microhematocrit
• Performing a hematocrit
— The sample of blood can be collected from a capillary
puncture or from an EDTA tube collected from a
venipuncture.
— Capillary blood should be collected into a heparinized
capillary tube.
— All blood needs to be mixed thoroughly.
— Clay can be used to seal the capillary tube o
— Sealed tubes need to be centrifuged in a
microhematocrit centrifuge.
Reading hematocrit
• Reading a hematocrit
— You can determine the percent of RBCs in the sample
by using a hematocrit reader.