Presented By: Chief Randy Harvey “Improving the quality of life through diligent service and community interaction” TABLE OF CONTENTS: LETTER FROM CHIEF RANDY HARVEY............................................................................. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... 2 2012 PERSONNEL ALLOCATION ....................................................................................... 3-4 DEMAND FOR SERVICE .......................................................................................................... 5 2010/2011/2012 DATA COMPARISON ................................................................................ 6-7 CRIME TRENDS AND STATISTICS................................................................................... 8-10 STAFF RECOGNITION ...................................................................................................... 11-12 TRAINING ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................. 13-14 USE OF FORCE ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................... 14-15 REVIEW OF DISCIPLINE ................................................................................................... 15-17 2012 NRPD GRANTS AND DONATIONS ........................................................................... 17 VEHICLE FLEET ....................................................................................................................... 18 MAYOR’S COURT ACTIVITY........................................................................................... 19-20 2012 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ASSESSMENT ................................................................. 21 2013 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................... 22-23 Chief Randy Harvey LETTER FROM THE CHIEF: My first full year in office was in 2010. That particular year the crime index in New Richmond was very high. I was shocked in the amount of felony crimes being committed to persons and property. The New Richmond Police Department worked very hard to bring back law and order to the town. We continued aggressive police work in 2011 and 2012, despite several setbacks. The photos you see are just a view of the mug shot pictures of people that N.R.P.D prosecuted having convictions leading to long term prison sentences. These are people that were victimizing the good citizens of New Richmond in one form or another. My past annual reports gave you the statistical data for that year, with some comparison from the following year. This year I felt it was important to give you a three year comparison, in order that you may have a clearer understanding of the impact we had combating crime over a longer range of time. Pleasantly, I can report that overall crime in the Village of New Richmond is down by almost 15.5% from three years ago. All this was accomplished under much adversity. In 2012, I was faced with the constant loss of part time officers to better paying police departments, the resignation of our Clerk of Courts without notice, causing Mayors Court to shut down for three months, and the constant pressure about the possibility of dissolving the police department referencing “out sourcing of law enforcement services” even at the expense of providing twenty-four hour coverage for the citizens. I understand that we are in some bad economic times and the loss of revenue to the police department seems inevitable, however, Mayor Carr and I submit to you that this is not the time to consider abolishing your police department, but it is a time to stand behind the police department. We are a small department, and yes there is room for improvement, but we have seen great improvement the past three years. We are making a difference. -1- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The purpose of this report is to review the statistical data and the progress of the New Richmond Police Department in an effort to improve during the upcoming year. The data provided in this report is intended to clarify our mission. While it is impossible to report all of the police department’s activities to our citizens, this report shall be used as a guideline to ensure that sound managerial principles are being utilized to their fullest extent in order to maximize crime control. The Village of New Richmond covers 3.5 square miles with a population of approximately 2,564 people.* In addition we serve one of the largest school districts in the county. Our patrol division is made up of five full-time officers and five part-time officers; supplemented by three auxiliary officers, and one police clerk. In 2012 we experienced a substantial setback in staffing when four parttime officers resigned their positions to pursue opportunities elsewhere. Additionally, our police clerk resigned with short notice, causing a closure of Mayor’s Court for three months until a new clerk was hired. Two part-time police officers were hired in October 2012 to partially fill vacancies in our department. We continue to be short staffed. In 2010 a staffing analysis was conducted and placed in the annual report indicating the department was in need of an additional 2.5 officers according to our crime index. We remain at that level of need in 2012 (An annual staffing analysis is conducted every five years.) The police budget is increasingly concerning. A considerable amount of time has been spent in council sessions discussing the future of the police department, and the lack of funding to properly operate the police department. It is the desire of the Police Chief for the New Richmond Police Department to be a full service police department; however, any further cuts would have to be in personnel negatively effecting deliverable services. In spite of the adversity, the police department through diligent service and focus has been able to combat crime in 2012. This report reveals a reduction in reported criminal offenses in 2012. * Source: 2010 census, Ohio Secretary of State, reviewed April 2011. -2- 2012 PERSONNEL ALLOCATION: The New Richmond Police Department is managed by the Chief of Police. It is a small department made up of full time, part-time and auxiliary officers (officers whom work at a “no pay” status), plus a volunteer Chaplain. Because of the decrease in staffing levels in 2012, there is a percentage increase in the position roles of police officers over last year annual report. The full-time staff makes up 38% of the police force. 2011 2012 Full-time 33% 38% Part-time 47% 38% Auxiliary 20% 24% The below chart is a breakdown of the police force as a whole. Administration First line supervision Full time officers Part time officers Auxiliary officers Volunteer (1) Chief of Police (1) sergeant and (1) corporal (2) patrolman (5) patrolman (3) patrolman (1) chaplain In 2012 four part time officers resigned. Two part time officers were hired. Please meet officers: Officer Robert “Craig” Heintzelman Officer Matt Smith -3- The New Richmond Police has one of the most active Chaplains in law enforcement. Chaplain Dan Nichols is an integral part of this organization. He is a comrade to our police officers, and available to the citizens of New Richmond. Chaplain Nichols volunteered 413 hours in 2012. The New Richmond Police Department has three auxiliary police officers. Auxiliary officers are volunteers and are required to put in twenty-four hours of patrol time per month. Below is a breakdown of each auxiliary officer’s patrol hours for the year: Officer name Number of hours patrolled % Number of hours required Andrew Shearer 199.75 (-) 1.45% compliance Patrick Kuhl 317.75 101.0% compliance 42.0 (-) 15.0% compliance 559.5 (-) 64.0% compliance John Karl Total NOTE FROM THE CHIEF: The above table indicates, that overall, the auxiliary police officers are not fulfilling the expectations of the departmental policy as stated above. This has been corrected by the issuing of a directive. Beginning January 1, 2013, disciplinary action will be taken for failing to complete the required 24 hours per month. 2013 is going to be very challenging as it relates to supplying needed patrol coverage for the Village of New Richmond. Although the use of part-time and auxiliary patrol officers provides a cost saving, by its very nature, it creates conditions that are sometimes counterproductive, inefficient, and ultimately affect the quality of deliverable services. -4- DEMAND FOR SERVICE: As stated in the “Letter from the Chief” it is important to acknowledge the enforcement efforts over the past three years to appreciate the statistical data contained in the 2012 annual report. In the 2011annual report Chief Harvey made the following statement: “In 2011 it was proposed that the New Richmond Police Department would indeed be more proactive. Accordingly, we aggressively gave every offense report taken, with any type of lead, the attention it deserved. Every officer was assigned offense reports to work. Each officer was given a review date, whereby a supervisor would communicate with the officer on the progress of the investigation”. The police department’s aggressiveness in actively investigating crime over the past three years has contributed to the decrease in criminal activity by 15%, as reported in the following data. The following pages reflect a three year comparison in overall numbers, percentage changes, and a crime trend offense comparison. These supplements provide a good indicator of how the criminal elements had such a strong foothold in the village in 2009 and 2010. Our aggressive approach towards crime the past three years has paid off in the form of in the reduction of reported crime, which has allowed more time to be spent on preventative measures. On the following pages, note in 2010 the high volume of calls for service, reports taken, domestic violence calls, and arrest recap. Adversely in 2010, note the lower numbers in self-generated activity such as, warrants served, business checks, assisting other departments and property recovery. Take a moment to look at the percentage differences from 2010 and 2011! In most cases you will see double digit increases in concentrated efforts of enforcement. As a result, there is a significant decrease in crime throughout 2011, and even less in 2012. There is a positive increase in preventable measures. In the “Crime Trend and Statistics” section of the report the most common type of criminal offenses are shown. Please note the significant decrease of these crimes in 2012. -5- NEW RICHMOND POLICE DEPARTMENT THREE YEAR DATA COMPARISON Annual recap Year 2011 Year 2012 Totals Totals Totals 4,678 702 69 5,054 608 76 Felony arrests 33 53 46 Misdemeanor arrests DUS arrests 320 183 186 41 76 33 13 17 10 Traffic citations 616 694 402 Traffic warnings 1,015 986 537 121 116 70 $3,700 $33,336 $18,660 Description Calls for service Reports taken Crash reports OVI arrests Misdemeanor citations Recovered property value Year 2010 4,822 569 78 (denotes one recovery (denotes one recovery valued at $6,000 and valued at $20,000) one recovery valued at $5,200) Alarm drops 107 153 89 Fire/EMS assist 234 220 180 Domestic violence calls Business checks 184 117 117 1,814 3,505 Warrants served 116 172 145 Assist other agency Special details 135 172 153 882 961 766 82,423 83,273 64,725 8,709 7,813 5,308 Patrol miles driven Fuel gallons used -6- 3,928 NEW RICHMOND POLICE DEPARTMENT LAST THREE YEAR % CHANGES DESCRIPTION Calls for service Reports taken Crash reports Felony arrest Misdemeanor arrest DUS arrest OVI arrest Traffic citations Traffic warnings Misdemeanor citations Recovered property value Alarm drops Fire/EMS assist Domestic violence calls Business checks Warrants served Assist other agency Special details 2010/2011 % CHANGE (+) 1.08% (-) 13.40% (+) 9.20% (+) 37.74% (-) 42.82% 2011/2012 % CHANGE (-) .95% (-) 1.06% (+) 1.02% (-) 1.15% (+) .98% THREE YEAR % CHANGE (+) .04% (-) 4.82% (+) 3.40% (+) 12.19% (-) 13.94% (+) 46.06% (+) 23.53% (+) 11.24% (-) 2.86% (-) 4.14% (-) .43% (+) 2.88% (-) .57% (-) .54% (-) .60% (+) 15.21% (+) 8.80% (+) 3.55% (-) 1.13% (-) 1.58% (+) 88.91% (-) .55% (+) 29.45% (+) 30.07% (-) 5.99% (-) 36.42% (-) .58% (-) .81% (+/-) 0.00% (+) 9.83% (-) 2.26% (-) 12.14% (+) 48.25% (+) 32.56% (+) 21.52% (+) .89% (-) .84% (-) .88% (+) 16.38% (+) 10.57% (+) 6.88% (+) 8.23% (-) .79% (+) 2.48% NOTE FROM THE CHIEF: The charts are very good news for the village. It reveals that through our mission of “diligent service”, and although our calls for service remain the same, we increased felony arrest, decreased our need for misdemeanor arrest over the past three years, increased traffic enforcement, increased warrant service, increased the recovery of stolen property and increased our efforts in preventative measures such as business checks. All this has driven down our criminal offense reports by 4.82% over the past three years, however, the percentage of criminal offenses is actually much less because each time an officer served a warrant (which is up 10.57%) he generated a separate report for documentation purposes. In actuality criminal offenses are down 15.39%. -7- CRIME TRENDS AND STATISTICS: In 2011 there were 625 offense reports taken. In 2012, there were 668 offense reports taken, representing a .90% increase in offenses. The reporting of criminal offenses is insignificant from 2011 to 2012. In 2011, there were 297 reports closed by arrest. In 2012, 313 reports were closed by arrest. The closure rate in 2012 was 43% (10% lower than the previous year). The chart below represents common criminal offenses reported over the past three years. 2010/2011/2012 Criminal Offense Reports by type and number of offense: Criminal Offense Disorderly conduct Year 2010 16 Year 2011 21 Year 2012 12 Drug offense 21 21 21 Theft 191 132 154 Vehicle crimes 12 9 4 Criminal damaging 43 39 29 Domestic violence 52 30 24 Agg. burglary/burglary 10 15 15 Breaking & entering 38 52 15 Child abuse 4 0 0 Vandalism 14 4 4 Menacing 31 21 10 Bad checks 11 2 3 Assault 45 35 20 Sexual assaults 4 3 2 Aggravated robbery 3 1 2 -8- NOTE FROM THE CHIEF: The following graphs serve to visually demonstrate our crime index for the past three years. 2010 was my first full year in office. Please take notice that in 2010 the crime index was considerably high in all categories of reported offenses. In 2011 as we became more aggressive towards enforcement and investigations of unsolved crime there is a moderate decrease in all categories. 2012, as efforts continued there is a significant decrease in our crime index. -9- - 10 - STAFF RECOGNITION: Sgt. L. Smith: The River Bluffs subdivision throughout the year was experiencing a rash of motor vehicle break-ins. Although we were able to charge juveniles with the break-ins, they continued their crime spree. The juveniles graduated from breaking into cars to getting into residents’ garages and stealing. Eventually they got bold enough to commit an aggravated burglary of one residence, stealing several thousands of dollars’ worth of property. Sgt. Smith quickly responded and was able to fall in behind the suspect vehicle. The subjects bailed from the car, leaving the stolen property behind. This left Sgt. Smith with three separate crime scenes to manage by himself: the burglarized house, the vehicle with the stolen property, and the location of the fleeing suspects. The investigation was coordinated well. One adult and three juveniles were arrested and convicted on aggravated burglary, ending the crime spree. Cpl. F. Henderson CHIEF R. HARVEY Over a two year period Chief Harvey received many complaints on highly suspected drug trafficking at a residence on Main Street. It was obvious as to what was taking place. The residence became a target for investigation. It took nearly a year of information gathering and surveillance photos in order to support an affidavit for a search warrant. Working with the County’s Narcotics Unit, a search warrant was obtained and executed. This led to an arrest and conviction, and more importantly, the shutdown of a major heroin trafficking location within the village. - 11 - Officer C. Heintzelman The police department received a complaint of a silver pickup truck that had been following young girls after they had gotten off the school bus. The unknown subject graduated from just following the young girls to actually stopping and making sexual comments towards them. On one occasion, Officer Heintzelman thought he had the suspected vehicle in sight and stopped the subject. Once the vehicle was stopped, Officer Heintzelman received a dispatch that another incident had occurred moments earlier. A confession was obtained. The subject was convicted and is now a registered sex offender, placing him on the radar for other communities to be watchful of his activities. We feel certain that this arrest probably prevented a more serious offense from occurring. Officer John Pelcha Juveniles had been breaking into cars for several weeks. On one occasion the juveniles stole a vehicle and drove it to Anderson Township. They broke out the windows of the car and abandoned it. They proceeded into a subdivision in Anderson Township and broke into several cars, stealing two new automobiles. They dumped one in Cincinnati and drove the other to New Richmond, dumping it in Festival Park. Officer Pelcha confirmed that the car was stolen. Knowing that the car was recently abandoned, he patrolled the village and located two juveniles of interest. Each had a warrant on file. He conducted a complicated joint investigation with the Hamilton County Sheriff’s Office piecing together the chain of events. Officer Pelcha recovered stolen property in the woods behind Festival Park. The two were charged with several felony charges. - 12 - TRAINING ASSESSMENT: As Chief of Police, I am committed to training our personnel. Through training, we become more proficient in providing an adequate and trusted service to the community, however, this is not an easy task. With shrinking budgets, not only on the local level, but also on the state and federal levels, training dollars are hard to secure. Good, solid, and relative training comes with a price. The other factor that must be considered is the lack of a “relief factor” to send someone to training. That is to say, when someone is away at training other personnel need to cover the vacant shift. We will continue to seek out relative and affordable training. The following table represents the department training that took place in year 2012. In years past, we had to outsource our annual qualifications at a cost of $1,865.00. In 2012 Officer Justin Schultz became a certified range instructor. This allowed us to reduce our cost in annual firearms certification. The 2012 qualification shoot only cost us $480.00 (the cost of ammunition). Range Officer Justin Schultz - 13 - The following table represents the departments training that took place in 2012: COURSE NAME Annual firearms qualifications Firearms Instructors Course Range Medical Emergencies Taser X26 recertification Radar/lidar Instructors Course Awareness to Human Trafficking Responding to Human Trafficking High Impact Supervision “Art of Perception” in Supervision Ethics and Leadership HOURS ATTENDED 42 hours # OF OFFICERS 14 88 hours 1 8 hours 1 22 hours 11 8 hours 15 30 hours 15 30 hours 15 20 hours 1 8 hours 1 8 hours 1 In 2011 we had a total of 216 hours invested in training. In 2012 we had 264 hours invested in training. USE OF FORCE ASSESSMENT: The Use of Force policy is essential in order for officers to know and understand the graduation of force to be applied depending on the escalation of the event. Use of force documentation and constant review serves as a “checks and balances” to ensure that sound principals are being applied. Each Use of Force report is reviewed by the Chief of Police to determine if the applied force was appropriate for the situation. - 14 - The below chart represents the documented incidents of use of force in year 2011: Officer Sgt. Smith Date Type of force 07/07/2010 hands Injury none Off. Lamons 11/01/2010 taser none Off. Parks 12/24/2010 hands none Treatment Disposition none Reasonable force applied none Reasonable force applied none Reasonable force applied As compared to 2012: Officer Off. Frasure Date Type of force 10/20/2012 taser Injury Treatment none none Disposition Reasonable force applied The above incident was a result of a subject committing a theft offense and then fleeing from the officer. Once the subject was caught he resisted arrest. The taser was deployed, but did not make contact. No injury occurred. REVIEW OF DISCIPLINE: In 2010 there was a review of the current discipline policy and changes were made, adding categories of infractions and assigning them levels of disciplinary sanctions. It is the policy of the New Richmond Police Department to use progressive discipline. The following is a review of incidents for 2010 and 2011 as compared to 2012. It is broken down into the areas of auto crashes, general policy violations, and citizen complaints. YEAR 2010 EVALUATION MEMO AUTO CRASHES POLICY VIOLATIONS CITIZEN COMPLAINTS VERBAL REPRIMAND WRITTEN REPRIMAND SUSPENSION UNFOUNDED COMPLAINT 0 1 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 - 15 - YEAR 2011 AUTO CRASHES POLICY VIOLATIONS CITIZEN COMPLAINTS EVALUATION MEMO VERBAL REPRIMAND WRITTEN REPRIMAND SUSPENSION UNFOUNDED COMPLAINT 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 WRITTEN REPRIMAND SUSPENSION UNFOUNDED COMPLAINT YEAR 2012 EVALUATION VERBAL MEMO REPRIMAND AUTO CRASHES POLICY VIOLATIONS CITIZEN COMPLAINTS 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 FROM THE CHIEF: In 2012, we had a significant decrease in issued discipline and citizen complaints. In fact, there were many more “positive” evaluations memos issued among all sworn officers for their “due diligence” in serving the public, solving of crime, or making our operation more efficient. It seems that our mission statement, “Improving the quality of life through diligent service and community interaction” is being followed. Auto crashes: Departmental policy requires discipline for officers involved in “at fault” auto crashes. The degree of discipline depends on the scale of damage. In 2012, one officer was involved in an on-duty crash but was not at fault. A second officer was involved in a serious auto crash and is still under investigation by another agency to ensure impartiality. Policy violations: In 2011, a general directive was put out to supervisors to make better use of the evaluation memo process. The evaluation memo process is an informal documentation of counseling for those minor infractions, as well as, to praise officers for good behavior on a job well done. The purpose of the evaluation memo process is for better accuracy when doing an annual evaluation of an employee’s performance. - 16 - The above table in 2012 indicates there were eight (8) documented instances of poor behavior or performance that created minor disruption to the agency that did not require formal discipline. As stated, the evaluation memo process is not only documentation for poor behavior or performance, but also is utilized to document good behavior or performance. It is noted that in 2012 there were fourteen (14) evaluation memos issued for good performance. Citizen complaints: In 2012 there were no complaints filed on officers. 2012 N.R.P.D. GRANTS AND DONATIONS: In 2012 the New Richmond Police Department applied for a COPS hiring grant which would have provided an extra full time officer. This is a highly competitive grant. We were not selected to receive an award. This is the third time that we have applied for this grant and have been turned down. NRPD did apply for a technical grant and received an award for $6,000.00 which was used to buy six new computers and a server. Two of our police cruisers had extremely old and outdated emergency light bars. We could not find replacement parts to keep them operational. A local vendor sold us two light bars at below cost, saving us $ 4,800.00. OFF WITH THE OLD! ON WITH THE NEW! - 17 - In 2013, we will continue to seek out funding opportunities. VEHICLE FLEET: In 2012, NRPD purchased a new patrol vehicle. The plan was to drive this vehicle for one or two years unmarked to offset the cost. An estimate to equip a patrol car is $8,000.00. Even with the purchase of the new vehicle, the remaining fleet is of much concern. We currently have two patrol cars with an excess of 120,000 miles. A third vehicle is approaching 100,000 miles. Driving patrol cars with this much mileage is not only a safety concern but places a strain on the operating budget. In 2012, NRPD spent $11,200.00 in vehicle repairs (excluding routine maintenance). Car # 524 was involved in a crash that placed the vehicle out of commission for a period of three months. - 18 - In 2012, Mayor’s Court had an unexpected and financial setback when our Clerk of Courts suddenly resigned. Basically, Mayor’s Court was shut down for three months. All new cases were cited to Municipal Court while we searched for a new clerk. Our new Clerk of Courts was hired in December, 2012. Please meet Lisa Knepp: Lisa Knepp, Clerk of Courts The below chart represents the number of traffic cases that went through Mayors Court in 2012: - 19 - The below chart represents the number of criminal cases that went through Mayors Court in 2012: By statutory requirements a portion of Mayor’s Court fines and cost must go to the State of Ohio. It also supports the salary and operational expenses of the Clerk of Courts. In 2012 the total income from Mayor’s Court was $49,840.63. Total expenses for Mayors Court were $35,257.67. The table below reflects income for Mayors Court by month in 2012: January February March April May June July August September October November December $ 4,404.34 $ 4,341.95 $ 6,314.07 $ 5,942.31 $ 4,858.28 $ 3,561.31 $ 4,674.26 $ 3,126.72 $ 4,520.21 $ 2,445.67 $ 3,671.58 $ 1,979.93 - 20 - Goal: Install security cameras inside and outside the police department for better security. Objectives: Seek bids for the install of security cameras. Assessment: This goal was met. We received a very good bid for the installation of seven security cameras to include audio and video and a 36 inch monitor. Goal: Purchase all new computers in the police department to include a server so that data can be secured and shared with all PC’s in the agency. Objectives: Apply for state and federal funding to purchase all new computers for the police department. Set up PC’s and install new software, ensuring data is being stored and uploaded to the state. Assessment: This goal was met. A grant was prepared and received for the purchase of six new computers and a server. Goal: Purchase a new patrol vehicle to replace old 521 and 522. Objective: Locate funding to purchase a new vehicle. Utilize the vehicle as an unmarked vehicle until such time that we can find funding to transfer and purchase the emergency equipment needed for it to become a marked patrol car. Assessment: This goal was met. A new 2010 Police Interceptor vehicle was purchased. The vehicle is being driven unmarked until such times funds are obtained to emergency equip the car. Goal: Reconstruct the poorly conditioned storage shed for the PD. Objective: Have village employees replace the roof and siding on the storage shed in order for it to be useable and more secure. Assessment: This goal was not met. It was hoped that this project could have been completed utilizing village workers to save money. They were not available to complete this project. - 21 - Goal: Purge the property room of old evidence no longer needed for court. Objective: Conduct an inventory of all property logged. Identify what items can be destroyed or returned to owner. Per the Ohio Revised Code advertise unclaimed property. Have Solicitor prepare “Order for Destruction” and file with courts. Destroy or return property. Goal: Purchase a used patrol car to replace # 524 that was wrecked. Objective: Locate a valued used patrol car. Secure funding for patrol car. Remove all equipment from wrecked car # 524 and re-install in new unit. Goal: Hire three part time officers or Auxiliary officers to replace those officers that left in year 2012. Objective: Seek out qualified applicants. Conduct background checks on applicants. Hire qualified applicants and place in a field training. Goal: Seek out Federal and State Grant funding opportunities and apply for either needed equipment or supplemental funds for manpower expenses. Objective: Seek out funding solicitations and apply. Identify needed equipment and research cost for grant applications. Goal: Research the feasibility of funding a canine for drug interdiction. Objective: Research qualified police dog service trainers in the area. Devise a plan to fund a service dog without effecting current operational budget to include but not limited to housing, handling, veterinary care. - 22 - Consider the option for obtaining a vehicle for the transportation of canine. Goal: Make a concerted effort to rid the village streets of junk or broken down cars parked on the streets or right-of-way. Objective: Make public notice to residents that the police department in the future will be taking enforcement action on abandoned or junk vehicles parked on the streets. Assign an officer to this project and oversee its completion. Have offices begin writing warning notices to those in violation. Work with registered owners and towing yards to mutually come to an agreement on the conditions of tows. Arrange tows if necessary. Assist tow yards with paperwork, i.e.: junk titles. - 23 -