A Design Process
The Design Process
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What Is Design?
What Is a Design Process?
Design Process Examples
Design Process Used in IED
What Is Design?
The word
“design” is often
used as a
generic term
that refers to
anything that
was made by a
conscious
human effort.
Design is also a
process that is
used to
systematically
solve problems.
What Is a Design Process?
A design process is a systematic
problem-solving strategy, with
criteria and constraints, used to
develop many possible solutions to
solve or satisfy human needs or
wants and to narrow down the
possible solutions to one final
choice.
– ITEA Standards for Technological
Literacy
Images courtesy of NASA
Design Process
Various design
processes are
used across
different technical
fields. The
following are
examples.
Design Process Example
1. Identify problems and opportunities
2. Frame a design brief
3. Investigate and research
4. Generate alternative solutions
5. Choose a solution
6. Developmental work
7. Model and prototype
8. Test and evaluate
9. Redesign and improve
Design and Problem Solving in Technology
Design Process Example
1. Identify the need
2. Define the criteria
3. Explore/research/investigate
4. Generate alternate solutions
5. Choose a solution
6. Develop the solution
7. Model/prototype
8. Test and evaluate
9. Redesign and improve
Engineering Drawing and Design (3rd edition)
Design Process Example
1.
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5.
6.
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8.
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10.
11.
12.
Define the problem
Brainstorm
Research and generate ideas
Identify criteria and specify constraints
Explore possibilities
Select an approach
Develop a design proposal
Make a model or prototype
Test and evaluate the design using specifications
Refine the design
Create or make solution
Communicate processes and results
– ITEA Standards for Technological Literacy
Design Process used in IED
1. Define the Problem
2. Generate Concepts
3. Develop a Solution
4. Construct and Test a
Prototype
5. Evaluate the Solution
6. Present the Solution
This design process was developed based on the
University of Maryland - College Park - IRB
Research Project
Design Process
• Design process used in IED is an example
of one design process
• Many design processes exist and are
effective
• Consistently applying a single clearly
defined design process provides a basis
for understanding
Define the Problem
• Identify a problem
• Validate the problem
– Who says it is a problem?
– Needs and wants
– Prior solutions
• Justify the problem
– Is the problem worth solving?
• Create design requirements (specifications)
– Criteria and constraints
• Design Brief
Define the Problem
• Design Brief
– A written plan that identifies
a problem to be solved, its
criteria, and its constraints.
– Used to encourage thinking
of all aspects of a problem
before attempting a
solution.
Define the Problem
• Identify a problem
• Validate the problem
– Who says it is a problem?
– Needs and wants
– Prior solutions
• Justify the problem
– Is the problem worth solving?
In some cases, if the
problem is not valid or
justifiable, the designer
must define a new
problem.
• Create design requirements (specifications)
– Criteria and constraints
• Design Brief
Generate Concepts
• Research
• Brainstorm possible
solutions
• Consider additional design
goals
• Apply STEM principles
• Select an approach
• Decision Matrix
Generate Concepts
• Decision Matrix
− A tool used to compare
design solutions against one
another, using specific
criteria.
Generate Concepts
• Research
• Brainstorm possible
solutions
• Consider additional design
goals
• Apply STEM principles
• Select an approach
• Decision Matrix
If the technology
necessary to develop
the solution does not
exist, scientific research
may be necessary to
pursue a solution.
Develop a Solution
• Create detailed design
solution
• Justify the solution path
• Technical Drawings
Develop a Solution
• Technical Drawings
– Drawings that provide
technical information
necessary to produce a
product.
• material, size, shape
• assembly, if necessary
Develop a Solution
• Select an approach
– Decision Matrix
• Create detailed design
solution
– Technical Drawings
• Justify the solution path
If a solution is found to be
invalid or cannot be
justified, the designer must
return to a previous step in
the design process.
Construct and Test
a Prototype
• Construct a testable
prototype
• Plan prototype testing
– Performance
– Usability
– Durability
• Test prototype
– collect test data
– analyze test data
• Test Report
Construct and Test
a Prototype
• Construct a testable
prototype
• Plan prototype testing
– Performance
– Usability
a testable prototype
–If Durability
cannot be built or test
• Test
dataprototype
analysis indicates a
–flawed
collectdesign,
test data
the
return to a
–designer
analyzemust
test data
previous step of the
• Test
Report
design process.
Evaluate the Solution
• Evaluate solution
effectiveness
• Reflect on design
– Recommend improvements
• Optimize/Redesign the
solution
– [Return to prior design
process steps, if necessary]
– Revise design documents
• Project Recommendations
Evaluate the Solution
• Evaluate solution
effectiveness
• Reflect on design
– Recommend improvements
• Optimize/Redesign the
solution
– [Return to prior design
process steps, if necessary]
– Revise design documents
• Project Recommendations
Evaluate the Solution
Does the solution solve
the problem?
If not, the designer must
return to a previous step
of the design process.
Present the Solution
• Document the project
– Project Portfolio
• Communicate the
project
– Formal Presentation
Design Process
• Iterative
A Design Process
Product
Innovation
Product improvement
or redesign will
require the designer
to repeat the design
process.
Image Resources
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (n.d.).
NASA image exchange. Retrieved from http://nix.nasa.gov/.