Presentation Plus! Human Heritage: A World History
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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 Portugal
SECTION 2 Spain
SECTION 3 England
SECTION 4 The Netherlands
SECTION 5 France
SECTION 6 The Influence of Empires
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 31 outlines European expansion
into the Americas. 
– Section 1 discusses Portugal’s empire in the
Americas. 
– Section 2 describes Spanish expansion and the
role of the Church. 
– Section 3 summarizes English settlement of the
Americas. 
– Section 4 examines the Dutch colonies in the
Americas. 
– Section 5 describes French settlements in the
Americas. 
– Section 6 discusses the effects of colonization on
Europe.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• summarize why Europeans colonized the
Americas. 
• discuss what European empires were
established in the Americas. 
• explain why many colonial empires
declined. 
• describe how the empires in the Americas
influenced Europe.
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Read to Discover
• Why Europeans colonized the Americas 
• What European empires were
established in the Americas 
• Why many colonial empires declined

• How empires in the Americas influenced
Europe
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the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 487 of your textbook.
Terms to Learn
People to Know
• colonize 
• John Smith 
• John Rolfe 
• viceroy 
• William Penn 
• peninsulares 
Places to Locate
• mestizos 
• Brazil 
• indentured
servants 
• Peru 
People to Know
• Roanoke Island 
• Cabral 
• Jamestown 
• Sir Francis Drake  • Plymouth 
• Sir Walter Raleigh  • New France
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Why It’s Important
From the early 1500s to the 1700s, several
western European countries set out to
colonize, or build permanent settlements
in, the Americas. Europeans wanted the
riches of the Americas, which they thought
would bring them power. They also wanted
to spread Christianity.
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Portugal
• By 1512, the Portuguese had claimed all of
Brazil and established trading posts in
Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and the
Moluccas, or Spice Islands. 
• Portugal found it difficult to rule its new
territories because it did not have enough
population to send settlers to all its
territories, and the hot, wet climate was
too uncomfortable for most Portuguese.
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the information. Section 1 begins on page 487 of your textbook.
Brazil
• In 1500, the Portuguese explorer Pedro
Alváres Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal
and the king divided this claim into 15 strips
called captaincies. 
• Portugal sent large numbers of settlers to
Brazil: sailors, criminals, soldiers, officials,
ranchers, and missionaries. 
• Portuguese plantations grew sugarcane
and about 2 million Native Americans
were enslaved to work the land. 
• Before long, the Portuguese settlers
began bringing over enslaved Africans.
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Brazil (cont.)
• By the end of the 1600s, when there was
less demand for sugar, bandeirantes
(traveling bands of frontiersmen), or fortune
hunters, looking for precious stones and
escaped enslaved people, began to appear. 
• Gold was discovered in the 1690s, and
the king sent government clerks to check
the mineral resources and make sure the
monarchy received one fifth of each
miner's gold. 
• Brazil was a tolerant society, welcoming
people of different countries and religions.
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The Loss of Empire
• By the middle of the 1500s, Portugal began
losing its empire. 
• By the time the Portuguese king died in
1580, Portugal was very weak, and the
king had left no heirs. 
• Philip II of Spain claimed the throne, and
Spain ruled until 1640 when Portugal
regained its independence.
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Section Assessment
What kept Portugal from
colonizing settlements?
Portugal did not have a large
enough population to send settlers
to all its territories; most territories
already had large populations; and
the Portuguese were not
accustomed to the hot, wet climate
of the new colonies.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What happened to the Native
Americans who lived in Brazil
when the Portuguese claimed
the land?
They were enslaved by the
Portuguese.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Inferences How do you
think the Native Americans felt
about the Portuguese settlement
of Brazil?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 489
of your textbook, and use it to
show the causes of the decline of
the Portuguese empire.
Sample causes: government not well
organized, economy in poor shape,
resentment of Portuguese among
conquered peoples in Southeast Asia,
no direct heirs to the throne
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Spain
• By 1535, Spain had established the largest
colonial empire in the Americas, reaching
from southern North America through
Central America and the West Indies to
South America.
Section 2 begins on page 489 of your textbook.
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Mexico and Peru
• In the early 1500s, Spain conquered the
Native American empires of Mexico
and Peru. 
• The colonies were divided into two
viceroyalties or districts–New Spain, or
Mexico, and New Castile, or Peru–which
were ruled by a representative of the king
known as a viceroy. 
• The colonists in the viceroyalties sent
large amounts of gold and silver back to
Spain and ran plantations that produced
cocoa, coffee, tobacco, tea, and sugar.
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Mexico and Peru (cont.)
• After a time, the Spanish, like the Portuguese,
brought enslaved Africans to the Americas to
work on sugar plantations. 
• By the middle 1500s, colonists in the
Americas were divided into four clear-cut
social groups: the peninsulares
(Spaniards born in Spain), Creoles
(Spaniards born in the Americas),
mestizos (mix of Native American and
European ancestry), and the Native
Americans.
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Mexico and Peru (cont.)
• The Roman Catholic Church controlled
most of the best land in the Spanish
colonies, and it charged the people who
rented or farmed its land a 10 percent
income tax.
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The Decline of an Empire
• Spain received a great deal of wealth from
the colonies, but it did not hold on to
that wealth. 
• Much of its gold and silver went to
northern Europe to pay for goods since
the Spanish Inquisition had driven out
most of the Jews and Muslims who had
been the backbone of Spanish industry.
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Section Assessment
What role did the Roman
Catholic Church play in the
Spanish colonies?
It controlled the best land, taxed the
people who rented or farmed its land,
and built schools, hospitals,
and asylums.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did the Spanish have trouble
transporting gold and silver from
the Americas to Spain?
Ships loaded with precious metals
were robbed at sea by English,
French, and Dutch pirates.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Predicting Consequences What do
you think might have happened if
Spain had used the gold and silver to
develop industries in the Americas?
Answers will vary. Spain might have
become more wealthy and powerful.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 492
of your textbook, and use it to show
the structure of Spanish society
from the most powerful to the
least powerful.
Groups from most powerful to least
powerful include: peninsulares,
Creoles, mestizos, Native
Americans, blacks.
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England
• Like Portugal and Spain, England looked to
the Americas for wealth. 
• In 1585, a group of colonists financed by
Sir Walter Raleigh sailed for North
America and founded a colony on
Roanoke Island; after six years the colony
vanished without a trace. 
• In 1600, English merchants formed the
East India Company to trade with the East
Indies, setting up trading posts in India,
Malaya, and some islands in both the
East and West Indies.
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the information. Section 3 begins on page 492 of your textbook.
Jamestown
• In 1607, a group of English nobles and
merchants formed the Virginia Company of
London that sent about 100 settlers to the
Americas to search for gold and silver. 
• This area had long been home to groups
of Native Americans, each having its own
language, religion, and way of life. 
• Life in the English colony–called
Jamestown–was hard, and many
colonists became sick and died. 
• Captain John Smith kept the settlement
from total failure.
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Jamestown (cont.)
• The settlers worked the land, but it
belonged to the Virginia Company. 
• Most of the newcomers were indentured
servants, people who agreed to work for
four to seven years after their arrival to
pay for their passage. 
• The use of tobacco spread from Native
Americans to the settlers and then to
Europe, where it was first as a medicine
and then smoked in clay pipes.
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Jamestown (cont.)
• About 1612, a settler named John Rolfe
began planting tobacco, and it became
Virginia's most important crop as it was
exported to England. 
• The settlers desired to make their
own laws. 
• In 1619, they elected 22 burgesses, or
representatives, from among landowning
males over 17 years old, to decide laws
for the colony.
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Plymouth
• Another company, the Virginia Company of
Plymouth, was formed in England in 1606
and was later reorganized as the Council for
New England. 
• In 1620, a group of Separatists called
Pilgrims sailed for Virginia on the
Mayflower, having received land grants
from the Virginia Company. 
• The Pilgrims named their settlement
Plymouth after the English town from
which they had sailed.
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Plymouth (cont.)
• The people of Plymouth governed
themselves for 70 years with almost no
outside control and in 1691, became part of
the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
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The Growth of Empire
• Jamestown and Plymouth were not the only
English settlements in the Americas. 
• In 1634, the English settled in Maryland.
King Charles I had granted the land to his
friend Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord
Baltimore, as a place where English
Catholics could live in peace. 
• In 1681, William Penn, the leader of a
religious group called the Quakers,
founded a colony in Pennsylvania.
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Section Assessment
Why did colonists set up the
House of Burgesses?
They wanted to make their
own laws.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What group founded the
Massachusetts Bay Colony?
Why did they establish it?
The Puritans founded it to pursue
religious freedom.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Inferences Why would
the Americas be a likely place
for people to settle who were
unhappy in their own countries?
Answers will vary. Many opportunities
and freedoms could be found in the
Americas.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page
496 of your textbook, and use it
to compare the English colonies
at Jamestown and Plymouth.
Distinctive information on each colony
might include features such as
geographic location, purpose for
founding, groups that settled the
colony, and date founded. Shared
features might include ties to England,
the practice of self-government, and
difficult early years.
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The Netherlands
• In 1602, Dutch merchants founded the
Dutch East India Company to trade in Africa
and the East Indies. 
• In 1621, the Dutch formed another
company called the Dutch West India
Company to establish colonies in
the Americas. 
• Later in the 1600s, rivalry between the
Dutch and the English led to a series of
wars, which the Dutch lost, giving the
English control of most Dutch colonies.
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the information. Section 4 begins on page 496 of your textbook.
Section Assessment
Why were the Dutch East India
Company and the Dutch West
India Company formed?
Dutch East India Company–to
organize trade in Africa and the East
Indies; Dutch West India Company–
to establish colonies in
the Americas.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
To what nation did the Dutch
lose most of their colonies?
They lost most of their colonies
to England.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Drawing Conclusions Do you
think the Dutch purchase of
Manhattan was fair or unfair to
the Native Americans? Explain.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page of
497 of your textbook, and use it
to show some of the areas that
the Dutch explored or colonized.
Sample areas: East Indies, Australia,
New Zealand, Capetown, West
Indies, coast of South America,
Manhattan Island (New Amsterdam)
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France
• In 1608, Samuel de Champlain, a French
explorer, founded the first permanent
French colony in the Americas at Quebec. 
• Most of the French in the Americas were
fur traders. 
• In 1682, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La
Salle, claimed the Mississippi River valley
for France. 
• The French also established settlements
in the West Indies and in India.
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the information. Section 5 begins on page 497 of your textbook.
Section Assessment
What was the first permanent
French colony founded in the
Americas?
Their first permanent colony
was Quebec.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did France’s established
settlements in the Americas
remain small?
They remained small because few
people wanted to leave France.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
How did the French lose their
lands in North America?
They were defeated by the English in
a series of four wars.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Inferences Why do you
think so few French people wanted
to settle in the Americas?
Answers will vary. It is possible that
the French were satisfied and did not
see opportunities in America.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 499
of your textbook, and use it to write
at least three facts about French
settlements in North America.
Sample facts include: first settlement
founded at Quebec in 1608 by
Samuel de Champlain, other
settlements founded around the
Great Lakes and northern end of the
Mississippi River, settlements
resembled villages in France, most
settlers worked at the fur trade
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The Influence of Empires
• Empires in the Americas helped make
western European nations richer and
more powerful. 
• These empires introduced western
Europeans to new foods, such as
avocados, lima beans, peanuts,
pineapples, tomatoes, and turkeys. 
• Another popular product from the
Americas was a chocolate drink made by
roasting cocoa beans, pounding them into
a paste, and mixing it with water, sugar,
vanilla, and cinnamon.
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the information. Section 6 begins on page 499 of your textbook.
Section Assessment
What did the empires in the
Americas do for the nations of
western Europe?
They helped make the nations richer
and more powerful.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
What were some of the new
foods the empires introduced to
western Europeans?
They introduced avocados, lima
beans, peanuts, pineapples,
tomatoes, turkeys, corn, potatoes,
and chocolate.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
What crops did Germany and
Ireland specialize in raising?
They specialized in raising corn
and potatoes.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Synthesizing Information Which of
the foods introduced to western
Europeans from the Americas are
part of your diet today?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 500
of your textbook, and use it to
support this generalization: Contact
with the Americas improved life for
western Europe.
Sample supporting details: nations of
western Europe became richer and
more powerful; farmers learned to
grow crops; fewer western
Europeans died of famine; western
European population increased
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the answer.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• By 1532, Portugal had a colony in Brazil
and trading posts in Africa, India, and
Southeast Asia. 
• A poorly organized government and a
weak economy allowed Spain and other
nations to take over many Portuguese
lands. 
• English defeat of the Spanish Armada in
1588 weakened Spain’s grip on the
Americas and opened the door to
colonization by other nations.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• In 1607, the English founded their first
successful settlement in the Americas at
Jamestown. 
• Settlers at Jamestown established the
House of Burgesses, which set the
example of self-government in the English
colonies. 
• In 1620, the pilgrims established England’s
second permanent settlement at Plymouth
in New England.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• The Dutch and French also established
settlements in North America, but the
English seized most Dutch holdings. 
• Empires in the Americas gave western
European nations wealth and power and
introduced people to many new foods.
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Understanding the Main Idea
Why did western European nations
want to colonize the Americas?
They wanted its riches and to spread
Christianity.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the Portuguese settlers in
Brazil bring over enslaved
Africans?
because most of the Native
Americans they had enslaved ran
away or died from diseases
66
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What happened to most of the gold
and silver Spain received from its
colonies?
It ended up going to northern Europe
to pay for goods made there.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
In what ways did Native Americans
help the settlers at Jamestown? At
Plymouth?
They taught the colonists how to
plant corn and beans, and how to
hunt and fish.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What kind of trade did the French
establish with the Native
Americans?
fur trade
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What changes did European
colonization cause in the lives of
Native Americans? Explain.
Many died from diseases and doing
heavy work; many were moved and
introduced to guns and wine.
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Critical Thinking
“Working as an indentured servant
for several years to pay for a trip to
the Americas was fair.” What is
your opinion of this statement?
Explain.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What was the most difficult problem
Europeans faced in the Americas?
Difficult problems include disease,
wars, and starvation.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What would you have liked about
being a Jamestown settler? What
would you have disliked?
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Geography in History
Place Refer to the map on page 498
of your textbook. The European
colonies stretched from Hudson Bay
in the north to the Strait of Magellan
in the south. What is similar about
the places where most colonial cities
were established? Write a paragraph
explaining the reasons for this
similarity.
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If you were the ruler of a viceroyalty
in the early 1500s, what would your
title be, where might you be living,
and what major problems would you
face?
viceroy; Mexico or Peru; controlling
Native Americans, making plantations
profitable, and sending gold and
silver back to Spain
75
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the answer.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human
Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive
activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the
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77
1500
Cabral claims
Brazil for
Portugal
78
1624
1608
French found
Quebec
Dutch found
New
Amsterdam
1607
1619
English settle at
Jamestown
First enslaved
Africans brought to
Jamestown
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Robert de La Salle
1643-1687
French Explorer
Robert de La Salle moved in 1666 to
what is now Canada. His explorations
in the Mississippi River Valley led to
French claims in North America.
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Laziness
In Inca times, anyone entering the city
of Cuzco was greeted by the phrase
Ama Sua, Ama Quella, Ama Lulla–Don’t
Lie, Don’t Steal, Don’t Be Lazy. To the
Incas, laziness was such a serious
offense that it was punishable by
death.
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Baptized Indentured
Servants
The first Africans in Virginia, who
arrived at Jamestown in 1619, were
indentured servants. Among them
were a couple named Antoney and
Isabella, who had probably been
baptized by Spanish traders. In 1623
or 1624, Isabella gave birth to a son,
the first African American born in the
English colonies. The baby was
named William and was baptized in the
Church of England.
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Chocolate
Hernando Cortés may have been the
first European to taste chocolate. At
Montezuma’s court in Mexico, he had
sampled a bitter drink made from
cocoa beans. He then brought the
drink back to Spain. There people
drank it hot, sweetened, and flavored
with vanilla or cinnamon. The Spanish
tried to keep the new drink a secret.
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Carnival
The Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro
is known for its annual Carnival.
Celebrated just before the beginning of
Lent, the Christian holy season that
comes before Easter, Carnival runs for
four days.
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