Intro to A& P
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When blood oxygen levels drop, the kidneys
secrete erythropoietin to signal the red bone
marrow to increase rbc production. What
type of feedback does this illustrate?
1.
2.
Positive
Feedback
Negative
Feedback
50%
1
50%
2
Identifying the names of the heart
valves is an example of
1.
2.
3.
4.
Anatomy
Physiology
Homeostasis
Pathology
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of life?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Metabolism
Composed of
cells
Respiration
Homeostasis
Reproduction
20%
1
20%
20%
2
3
20%
4
20%
5
Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy – study of internal and external structures

Gross Anatomy
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Microscopic Anatomy
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Surface anatomy
Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Cytology - cells
Histology - tissues
Physiology – how organisms and their parts function

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Cell physiology
Special physiology
Systemic physiology
Pathological Physiology
Review Characteristics of Life

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Responsiveness – ability to respond or adapt to
a changing environment
Growth – increase in size (multicellular
organisms indiv. Cells become specialized called
differentiation)
Reproduction – produce the next generation
Movement - internal (transport blood, food),
external (move thru envirn.)
Metabolism – chem. Rxns in body including
absorption of materials (ie. Respiration),
excretion of waste products, digestion
Cells & Levels of Multicellular Organization

Cells-tissues-organ-organ system-organism
Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic regulation - adjustments in
physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

Dynamic process in which variable constantly
fluctuates around an average value
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Receptor (Afferent Pathway)–can be stimulated
Control Center – processes info from receptor
Effectors – respond by either opposing (negative feedback)
or reinforcing (positive feedback) stimulus
2 Types: +/- feedback
Do Now:
Alice’s blood pressure decreases, which
signals aortic receptors of the drop. The
brain responds by having artery walls
constrict.
 What is the result?
 Which theme does this illustrate?
 Is it an example of positive or negative
feedback?
 ID receptor, Afferent pathway, control
center, and efferent pathway, and
effector.

Negative Feedback (most common)

Negative Feedback responds by opposing
stimulus





Ex. Thermoregulation (heat loss vs. production)
Set point for humans is 370C
Receptor – skin and related brain cells
Control Center – brain
Effectors as temp rises above set point



Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow at surface
Sweat glands increase secretion (increase evaporative
cooling)
Effectors as temp drops below set point


Blood vessels contract
Sweat gland activity decreases
Positive feedback
Positive Feedback - reinforces stimulus,
occurs during drastic events
 Ex. Blood clotting



Ex. Labor delivery


Damaged cells release chemicals to increase
clotting, more chemicals released to further
increase clotting
Each contraction releases more hormones to
increase each successive contraction
Ex. Breast Feeding
Thirst sensation is a positive
feedback system mechanism.
1.
2.
True
False
50%
1
50%
2
Organ Systems
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Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive Systems
Language of Anatomy

Anatomical Position – palms face forward


Supine – lying down face up
Prone – lying down face down

Abdominopelvic quadrants – intersect at umbilicus
(Note: Right and Left always refer to the subject not the
observer)
RUQ LUQ
RLQ
LLQ

Anatomical Directions



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Anterior – front
Posterior – back
Ventral – belly side
Dorsal – back side (opposite ventral)
Identify the anatomical quadrant.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Left Upper Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant
Right Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
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4
Sectional Anatomy

Sectional anatomy slices a 3D object
into sectional planes



Transverse plane – horizontal slice (cross
section) resulting in superior (above) and
inferior (below) sections
Frontal plane (coronal) – lateral slice (side
to side) resulting in anterior and posterior
sections
Saggittal plane – slice resulting in right and
left sections
Figure 1.9
Which body plane divides the body into
equal halves (mirror images)?
1.
2.
3.
Frontal plane
Sagittal plane
Transverse plane
33%
1
33%
2
33%
3
A body part found in the right upper quadrant is
superior to one in the right lower quadrant.
1.
2.
True
False
50%
1
50%
2
More Anatomical Terminology
Medial – toward body
 Lateral – away from body
 Proximal – toward attached base
 Distal – away from attached base
 Cranial – head
 Caudal – tail bone
 Superficial – close to surface
 Deep – farther from body surface

Figure 1.8
Your elbow is proximal to your hand.
1.
2.
True
False
50%
1
50%
2
Which of the following choices would be MOST
helpful for describing a wound on the skin?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Proximal
Cranial
Deep
Superficial
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Figure 1.6a
Figure 1.6b
What is the common name for the
cervicis?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Neck
Arm
Hip
Knee
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
The popliteus is the back of the…
1.
2.
3.
4.
Antecubitis
Carpus
Axilla
Patella
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Do Now:

Chris got hit by a deer while riding his
motorcycle and sustained the following
injuries:




Broke bone in his right brachial region
Tore ligaments in his cervical and tarsal
regions
Damaged nerves in his pedal and phallangeal
regions
Shattered bones in his carpal region
Explain to him the location of his injuries.
Body Cavities
Body Cavities- function to protect organs
and allow changes in shape and size of
organs
 Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom) – divided
by the diaphragm into a superior thoracic
cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic
cavity
 Viscera – internal organs within cavity
 Serous membrane lines walls of internal
cavities and surfaces of viscera

Body Cavities

Thoracic Cavity – 3 internal chambers



Pericardial cavity
2 pleural cavities surrounded by pleura
Abdominopelvic Cavity


Abdominal (sup.) – liver, stomach, spleen, sm.
Intestine, most of lg. intestine
Pelvic (inf.) – distal lg. intestine, urinary
bladder, reproductive organs
Figure 1.10