Value Hardware and Software
Chapter 2
Revision: page 46 -93
Introduction
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Today's use of technology is practical. It is
intended to yield real business benefits.
Employing information technology and
providing additional processing capabilities
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can increase employee productivity,
expand business opportunities,
and allow for more flexibility.
That’s why we focus on hardware and
software components of a CBIS.
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Fig 2.1
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Computer Systems: Integrating
the Power of Technology
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In order to assemble an effective and efficient
system,
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you should select and organize components
while understanding the trade-offs between
overall system performance and cost, control,
and complexity.
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Hardware Components:
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Computer system hardware components
include devices that perform the functions of
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input,
processing,
data storage,
and output.
Central processing unit (CPU),
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), and control unit.
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Processing and Memory Devices:
Power, Speed, and Capacity
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System’s Unit
Clock Speed: The clock speed for personal
computers is in the multiple gigahertz (GHz),
or billions of cycles per second
Physical Characteristics of the CPU: Most
CPUs are collections of digital circuits
imprinted on silicon wafers, or chips, each no
bigger than the tip of a pencil eraser.
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Memory Characteristics and
Functions
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Storage Capacity: Data is stored in memory
as a combination of on or off circuit states.
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Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa
Types of Memory:
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random access memory (RAM)
and read-only memory (ROM).
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Multiprocessing:
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Multicore Microprocessor: microprocessor
combines two or more independent
processors into a single computer so that
they can share the workload and boost
processing capacity.
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Parallel Computing: The most frequent business
uses for parallel processing are modeling,
simulation, and analysis of large amounts of data.
Grid computing: What?
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Cont.:
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Grid Computing: Key to the success of grid
computing is a central server that acts as the
grid leader and traffic monitor. It divides the
computing tasks into subtasks and assigns the
work to computers on the grid that have surplus
processing power.
Cloud Computing: Supports a wider variety of
applications than grid computing and pools
computing resources so they can be managed
primarily by software rather than people
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Secondary Storage:
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Compared with memory, secondary storage
offers the advantages of non-volatility,
greater capacity, and greater economy
Access Methods
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Sequential access and direct access
Sequential access storage devices (SASDs),
Direct access storage devices (DASDs).
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Secondary Storage Devices
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Magnetic Tapes: Although access is slower,
magnetic tape is usually less expensive than
disk storage.
Magnetic Disks: Magnetic disks are directaccess storage devices that enable fast data
retrieval and are used by companies that
need to respond quickly to customer
requests.
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Cont:
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RAID: Note that this is a method of storing
data so that if a hard drive fails, the lost data
on that drive can be rebuilt. “Stripping”
Virtual Tape: This is a storage technology for
less frequently needed data so that it appears
to be stored entirely on tape cartridges,
although some parts might actually be
located on faster hard disks.
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Cont:
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SAN: A storage area network (SAN) uses
computer servers, distributed storage
devices, and networks to tie everything
together.
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Cont:
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Optical Discs: A common optical disc is the
compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)
with a storage capacity of 740 MB of data.
Digital Video Disc (DVD): Software programs,
video games, and movies are common uses
for this storage medium.
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Capacity: 4.7 GB
DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM
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Cont:
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Blu-ray: blue-laser technology for high –
definition video
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HVD: holographic Versatile Disc
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Capacity: 3x DVD
Transfer rate: 1 – 20 GB/second
Capacity: 6 TB
Solid State Secondary Storage Devices:
These store data in memory chips rather than
magnetic or optical media. Examples?? x4
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Input Devices:
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Touch Screen: I/O
Optical Data Readers:
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Bar code readers:
OMR: “ mark sense form”
OCR:
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR);
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Use special magnetic ink. Example: help clear
and route checks is placed on the bottom of a
check.
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RFID: page 58,59
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It’s a tag, consisting of a microchip and
antenna, transmitting data, like id, location,
and other detail.
Signal is picked up by a reader, that sends it
to a server computer for processing
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Output devices:
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Terms pixel, plasma display, LCD display,
and organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
display.
Digital Audio Player: MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio
Layer-3)
E-Books: Amazon.com Kindle, the Barnes
and Nobel Nook, the Samsung Papyrus, and
the Sony Reader all use e-paper displays that
look like printed pages.
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Computer System Types
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Computer systems can range from desktop
(or smaller) portable computers to massive
supercomputers that require housing in large
rooms.
Single-user systems
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Portable
Non-portable
Multiple-user systems
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Servers, mainframes and super computers
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Software
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Computer programs, documentation, system
software, and application software.
To achieve business objectives:
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Organizations supply application SW and
Information Systems to employees
Classification: to identify the scope of the
problems and opportunities addressed by a
particular organization, called the sphere of
influence.
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System Software
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Controls the operations of the HW and
supports the application programmer’s
problem-solving capabilities
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OS
Utility programs
OS: page 71
Activities: p72
HW functions: p72
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Hardware Independence
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Current OS:
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Utility programs;
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Application SW:
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Helps you perform common tasks, such as
create and format text documents, perform
calculations, or manage information, though
some applications are more specialized
What is meant by the terms application
service provider (ASP) and software as a
service (SaaS)? Page 82, 83
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Programming Languages:
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Sets of keywords, symbols and rules for
constructing statement that people can use to
communicate instructions to a computer.
Written in coding schemes, called
programming languages.
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Evolution of programming
languages
Generation
Language
Appr. Date
Example
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
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Translation and Execution
Process
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