14 . KongreB der Internationalen Gesellschaft fur Photograrnmetrie
Hamburg 1980
Kommission Nr . IV
Arbeitsgruppe Nr . IV/5
oder Nr . IV/1
Presented Paper
H. HAITZMANN, K. KRAUS and J . LOITSCH
Institute of Photogrammetry
Technical University of Vienna
GuBhausstraBe 27-29
A-1040 V i e n n a
A DATA BASE TOWARDS THE DIGITALLY CONTROLLED PRODUCTION OF ORTHOPHOTOS
ABSTRACT
The advancement from analogue to digital techniques in orthophoto production
resulted in a considerable progress and widening of the field of orthophotography . Contemporary orthophoto production is based upon digital height
models (DHM) . This enables an almost fully automatic updating of orthophoto
maps , provided DHMs are archived in a data base . Supported by a contract from
the Federal Department of Standards and Surveys of Austria , the Institute
of Photogrammetry of the T. U. of Vienna developed in the recent 3 years the
corresponding concepts and the program package TOPIAS (Topographic Information and Archiving Software) . Large masses of data (both the resUlts of
original data acquisitors transformed in the geodetic system , and the
corresponding DHM - a deduced screen of points) are stored on external
media (magnetic tapes etc . ) . The addresses and major description of these
data are stored in a permanently accessable information system (residing,
e . g . , on disc ) .
TOPIAS is independent of computer types . It is highly compatible with the
program package SORA - OPS (Software for Off - line Rectification with Avioplan
- Orthophoto and Stereo orthophoto) applied by more than 20 organizations
around the globe.-ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Die Umstellung der Orthophototechnik von der analogen auf die digitale
Steuerung brachte einen beachtlichen Aufschwung fUr die Orthophotographie .
Die moderne Orthophototechnik baut auf einem digitalen Hohenmodell (DHM) auf,
mit dessen Hilfe die Orthophotokarten nahezu vollautomatisch fortgefuhrt
werden konnen . Voraussetzung ist allerdings, daB die DHM in einer Gelandehohendatenbank archiviert werden . Das Institut fur Photogrammetrie der TU
Wien hat im Auftrag des Bundesamtes fur Eich- und Vermessungswesen in den
letzten drei Jahren eine dafUr geeignete Software TOPIAS (Topographische
Informations und Archivierung-Software) konzipiert und verwirklicht. Die
graBen Datenmengen- d . s . die In das Landessystem transformierten Originalmessungen und das rasterformige DHM - werden auf externen Speichermedien
(Magnetbander usw . ) archiviert, und die Adressen der externen Datensatze
sowie die Charakteristika dieser Daten werden auf einem permanent verfugbaren Speichermedium (Magnetplatte) in einem Informationssystem zusammengefaBt . TOPIAS ist maschinenunabhangig geschrieben und laBt sich gut mit dem
an mehr als 20 Stellen in der Welt verwendeten Prograrnmsystem SORA - OPS
(Software fUr die Offline-Rektifizierung mit dem Avioplan - Orthophoto und
_§tereoorthophoto) kombinieren .
-
303.
1.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS
The WILD Company presented to the Helsinki Congress of I . S.P. the digitally
controlled rectifi er Avioplan OR 1 /7/; the corresponding software package,
developed under a contract of the WILD Company, was presented to the
Congress by the Institute of Photogrammetry of the Technical University of
Vienna ; SORA-OPS (Software for the off-line rectification with the Avioplan
- orthophoto and stereo orthophoto)-/ 6/ . This program is now applied in
production by more than 2o organizati ons .
One of the great advantages of this modern technique of orthophoto pro duction, based upon a digital height model of the terl'ain, is that for
areas where such models are present , repeated photographs can be transformed
to orthophotos in a nearly fully automatic way. The introduction of the
digitally controlled technique of orthophoto production initiated, therefore ,
a considerable mass production of digital terrain height information . Today ,
there will be produced probably more digital height models for orthophotos
than for other purposes . The Federal Department of Standards and Surveys
in Vienna , for e xample, has digitized about a quarter of the territory of
Austria for the purpose of orthophoto production, with a grid spacing of
30 to 160 m. The extensive activities in data acquisition and digitally
controlled orthophoto production , described in /3,4/, require an effeotive
data base management program . The Institute of Photogrammetry of the T. U.
of Vienna has been developing a corresponding program package under a
contract from the Federal Department of Standa.rds and Surveys of Austria .
This data base management concerns not only the digital height models, the
management i s extended to archives of aerial photography, and to arc hives
of orthophotos . After further ex tensions, the program package will s erve
as a general topograph i c information management system . Correspondingly
it has been given the name TOPIAS (Topographic Informations and Archiving
Software) .
-One of the requirements taken into account in structuring and developing
TOPIAS is that it should be suited both to large and small computers a requirement fulfilled in SORA - OPS . Programming is done in standard
FORTRAN IV, to achieve minimal dependence on individual systems . TOPIAS
will be described here as applied in Austrian circumstances . It can be,
however, easily adapted to requirement s of other countries or organizations .
2.
THE OUTLINE OF THE PROGRAM SYSTEM TOPIA S
Fig . 1 shows the basic version of the program system . The system is suited
for both interactive and batch mode of operation . The input of control
information is solv ed by applying the command language DIRAN (Directive
Analyzer) /2/ . It assures an elegant communication with TOPIAS e s pecially
for the interactive user .
The heart of the system is the ADMINISTRATOR . This central section of the
program
channels processing control information to the proceeding programs,
and provides them with the corresponding magnetic tapes;
gives the RUN command for requested programs - as far as this is
made possible by the operating system of the computer ;
trans fers large data amounts to magnetic tapes ;
collects on a random access file the most important characteristics of
data in the form of so called information records;
provides the user with a convenient way of communication with these
information records .
304.
T 0
p
I
A s
ADMI NI S T RAT0 R
Fig. 1: Bas ic version of t he program sys tem TOPIAS
For an area not yet provided with any digital height model, the AD MINISTRATOR
starts first the program TRANS . This program transforms the terrain points
written on a magnetic tape into the state coordinate system . The terrain
points may correspond to contour lines, profiles, single points and so on,
recorded, e . g . , past the relative or past the absolute orientation of a
photogrammetric model . Transformation constants are determined by the subroutine MODOR, provided with automatic blunder processing , and with a
reliability checking of the results /5/ .
The transformed points are written temporarily on a sequential file ; they
can be transferred from there to a magnetic tape provided by the
ADMINISTRATOR . Data of this type - e . g . in the case of digitized contour
lines - are valuable for a topographic information system, or they can
serve as input for other programs - e . g . in the case of digitiz ed profiles ,
contour lines can be produced by the program system SCOP of the Technical
Universities of Stuttgart and of Vienna . Therefore , recorded terrain point
data transformed into the state coordinate system will always be archived
on magnetic tapes , and the corresponding information record added to the
random access file .
Interpolated heights of a grid of points determined by the program GRID are
a further result worth archiving . This grid can be determined on the bas ic
of more than just two models - an important enhancement of the capabilities
of the earlier version of SORA - OPS . In addition, GRID provides the user
with a set of interpolation algorithms . The grid will be written temporarily
to a sequential file, and can be transferred from there to a magnetic tape
by the ADMINISTRATOR . The corresponding information r ecord will be extended .
305.
As one of the possible user programs SORA-OPS is shown in fig . l, enabling
the production of orthophotos and of stereo mates to them . In this case, the
ADMINISTRATOR starts the user program SORA-OPS, and provides it with the
magnetic tape containing the archived grid . On this basis, SORA-OPS
determines the control data necessary for the differential photographic
projection, and writes them on a magnetic tape for the Avioplan OR 1 .
Before describing the magnetic tapes with the transformed points and with
grids, and before the description of the structure of the information
records, it is necessary to treat the nomenclature system that has to be
defined for the entire territory of actions .
3.
THE SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE
For Austria, the state coordinate system (UTM with 3° strips, zero meridian
in Ferro) is subdivided in lOkm x 10km squares (referred to as "10km-squares",
fig . 2) . Each 3° strip is provided with a rectangle containing the corresponding area of activities . The wide overlapping zones of these rectangles
allow the handling of even very large projects using only one UTM strip .
The 10km-squares are addressed, as shown in fig . 2, by numbers increasing
to the right and upwards . Beside the addressing level for the 10km- s quares,
which is referred to as dominant, there are other addressing levels defined,
for 5km- squares, 2 . 5km- squares and so on . The nomenclature for these levels
consists of the dominant address of the 10km-square, and of an addition to
it . E . g . the city of Salzburg is to be found in the 10km-square 4330 , and
within the 5km-square 4330- 1 (the 5km-squares are numbered 0 and 1
in the upper line and 2 and 3 i n the lower line) .
In the first line the organization of the information records have made it
necessary to introduce still another, highest level of addressing - for
30km- squares, shown in fig . 2 by thick solid lines .
All the addressing levels used in Austria are collected in table 1 .
square side
(km)
30
10
5
2. 5
1. 25
1
0. 5
0 . 25
Number of such squares
within squares of some
higher level
9 within a 30km- squ .
4
10
4
5
4
2. 5
25
5
4
1
4
0.5
Table 1:
Number of such squares
all together
1
7
31
126
198
792
3 168
220
980
920
680
720
000
000
000
addressing levels
During the installation of the program system TOPIAS on some computer,
there have to be specified : the dominant addressing level, the number of
levels higher and lower of the dominant level, and the sides of squares
of each defined level . TOPIAS applies a much more compact internal
addressing; small subroutines are used for conversions between the two
addressing systems .
306.
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The system of nomenclature for Austria
square
sides
orthoph.
scale
standard grid widths (m)
_Lkm)
30
120 150
10
I
!
187.5
240 300
375
468.75
600 750
937.5
1200
125
156 .25
200 250
312 .5
400
100 125
156.25
200
40
50
62.5
80 100
40
5
1 :10 000
20
25
31.25
2.5
1: 5 000
10
12 .5
15.6 25
1. 25
1: 2 500
5
6 . 25
7 .8 125
1
1: 2 000
4
5
6. 25
0.5
1: 1 000
2
2.5
0 . 25
1:
1
1. 25
500
Table 2:
50
62.50
78 . 125
20
25
31.25
39 .0625
50
62.5
78.125
10
12 .5
15 .625
19.53125
25
31.25
39.0625
50
8
10
12.5
15 .625
20
25
31.25
40
3.125
4
5
6.25
7 . 8125
10
12 . 5
15 .625
20
1. 5625
2
2.5
3.125
3.90625
5
6. 25
100
7 .8125
10
standard grid widths
Before archiving a grid, heights are averaged on the border lines with other
squares of the same addressing level . Accuracy characteristics of the grid
gained in the process of averaging are recorded in the header of the grid.
Messages are sent to the user whenever insufficient accuracies occur. Should the necessity of averaging grids for different levels be indicated
by applications, it will be realized then at a later time.
Standard grids of all addressing levels of a 30km-square will be archived
on one magnetic tape and eventually on its continuation tapes. It is possible,
however , to join the archives of some 30km-squares and to write them onto
the same tape.
The header of a standard grid contains the following main information:
6.
nomenclature corresponding to the specified addressing level,
grid width- a submultiple of the corresponding square side,
the applied method of interpolation(rnoving surface methods, prediction etc.),
structure of the archived data (see section 7),
accuracy characteristics gained by averaging on the borders,
magnetic tape and file numbers .
INFORMATION RECORDS
The ADMINISTRATOR collects on a random file the following information
records:
6.1. Project information records, with the main contents:
- Project code (number or code),
-project name (e .g. owner or compiler),
- date,
-project l imits, defined either as the nomenclature of squares of any level,
or as a surrounding polyhedron defined in the state coordinate system,
- coordinates of control points in the state system,
- the information for each archived model of the project similar to that
described in section 4.
Project information records are structured in accordance with the 30km-squares.
~ojects subdivided by borders of such squares are registered in the square
where the largest part of the project area belongs, and the corresponding
address will be noted in the other square(s) .
308.
4.
ARCHIVING THE TRANSFORMED POINTS
The points transformed in the state coordinate system are modelwise archived
on magnetic tapes. Generally, a separate magnetic tape is designated for
each 30km-square. It is however possible to write more than one of such
squares on one tape, when this has been so defined within the ADMINISTRATOR .
This possibility is advantageous for squares on the periphery, in the overlapping zones of the meridian rectangles, or for small terrain units
belonging together (e . g . city areas divided disadvantageously by the
30km-square borders). On the other hand, if a magnetic tape has all the
models written on it (as defined by the user) , the ADMINISTRATOR generates
the address of a continuation tape for further models of the square(s) to
be archived.
Each model archived on a tape starts with a header containing the following
main information:
model number, independent of any other addressing (e . g . of the
nomenclature of the squares),
model limits, defined either as the nomenclature of a square of
any level, or as a surrounding polyhedron defined in the state
coordinate system (as a series of coordinates, as a rectangle
parallel to the axes of the state coordinate system, or as a
rotated rectangle),
the compiling photogrammetric instrument , the way of data acquisition
(contour lines, profiles etc . ), point density,
control point coordinates both in model- and in state coordinate
systems, to allow transformations back into the model system,
or into another reference s ystem ; and accuracy characteristics
of the absolute orientation of the model will be recorded in the
header, as well,
magnetic tape and file numbers,
description of the structure of the archived data .
The structure of the archived data is connected with the stand of their
processing . The simplest structure corresponds to the stage where points
are transformed into the state coordinate system, and without any change
in their order or coding are written on the magnetic tape. Other structures
of transformed points are mentioned in section 7.
5.
ARCHIVING OF INTERPOLATED GRIDS
The points transformed into the state coordinate system are always archived
- even if they are not provided with nomenclature; interpolated grids, on
the other hand, will be archived only if they cover the entire square
specified in the nomenclature. Grids are stored as parallel profiles all
r~nning upwards . Grid widths must be submultiples of the corresponding square
Slde . Table 2 contains a summary of such grid widths . Orthophotos are
produced in Austria for square with sides ~ 5km; for them, table 2
specifies the orthophoto scale corresponding to a format 50 x 50 cm 2 .
In cases where the standard grid w.idth does not suit as slit width for
the orthophoto projector, another grid has to be interpolated with a
corresponding vr.idth, on the basis of the (archived) standard grid . If an
orthophoto has to be produced with borders identical with the sides of the
standard square, it is advisable to request the interpolation of a new grid
covering an area somewhat larger than that of the standard square. This
is necessary to assure the sharpness of the image on the peripheries of
the orthophoto .
309.
6.2 Aerial photography information records, with the main contents :
- code, name, date, and limits similarly to the project information records ,
-camera (objective, focal length, format),
- photo scale,
-film (black-and-white panchromatic, false color etc . ) .
Aerial photography information records are structured in a way similar to
that of the project information records .
6 . 3 Standard grid information records with the information as explained in
section 5 . The organization of these records is such as to facilitate a fast
extraction of standard grid data of any neighbouring 30, 5 and 2 . 5km-squares,
all over the country . The same is true for extracting standard grids of the
same area but belonging to different addressing levels .
Standard grids for orthophotos 1 : 2 500, 1 : 2 000, 1:1 000, and 1 : 500 with
corresponding square sides :!:: 1.25 km, are not directly addressable for the
entire area of the country . These standard grids are limited to city areas
and other areas of intensive use . Therefore, the concatenation of all of
them over the entire area of the country is not necessary (within the same
low addressing level) . However, if TOPIAS is applied as data management
system for some city area, where such concatenation becomes necessary , this
has to be specified at the time of installation .
6.4 Magnetic tape information records describe the mutual correspondence
among 30km-squares and tapes . As mentioned, there may be more than one of
such squares written onto one tape, and , on the other hand, full tapes can
be followed by continuation tapes . Magnetic tape information records have
to· be created both for archives of transformed point records, and for
archives of the standard grids .
6 . 5 Orthophoto information records contain information on both those orthophotos created within the framework of the nomenclature , and those created
independently of it . For each orthophoto, the following main information
ill be stored :
- orthophoto number, corresponding to the nomenclature or independent of it,
-slit width , which does not necessarily coincide with the standard grid
>ridth'
-sort of the orthophoto (black-and-white,false color, etc . ),
- orthophoto scale ,
- the limits of orthophotos which have been created without specifying
the nomenclature, in the form of an eventually rotated rectangle,
defined by coordinates in the state coordinate system .
6 . 6 Auditing the information records
Information records can be audited according to some identification of a
project, of some aerial photography, or of the area of interest . In this,
"area of interest" may have the e x treme meanings of identifying some small
section of the terrain , even of some single point, or , on the other hand,
of the entire area as represented in the records . Depending upon input
parameters, the (interactive) play of questions and answers can be subdivided
into four major sections .
a . Input : project code or project name . Searching algorithms can then be
started one-by-one to e xtract the following information, in the form of
ansers to (interactive) questions :
- Limits of all models within the project . Graphical output of these limits
3:10.
on screen or printer applying the quick-plot routine developed by L. Molnar.
It is planned to develop an output on plotters .
- Codes, names, dates etc. of aerial photography connected with the project .
- Control point coordinates eventually requested by the number of the point(s) .
b . Input : Code or name of the area covered by aerial photography .
Similarly to a ., the following information will be extracted in answer to
the corrresponding (interactive) questions:
- Limits of the area covered by · aerial photography, date, camera parameter,
photo scale, film sort .
- Orthophotos produced, corresponding slit widths, borders of the area covered
by them (in cases when they do not cover the entire squares) .
c . Input : area of interest, defined by nomenclatures or by coordinates of
points in the state system . Answers to the specified questions may be :
- Project codes and dates; if so specified, only projects belonging to a
given period; for projects only partially belonging to the specified area
of interest, border lines of the part within this area will be plotted on
the screen or on the print-out .
- Information similar to the previous one for aerial photography complete
with camera parameters, photo scales, and film sorts .
- Standard grid numbers and its characteristics, corresponding to a specified
project, complete with magnetic tape and file numbers . A grid chosen and
control points of a project can then be passed to SORA-OPS to determine
and output the control information for the production of an orthophoto .
- If the answer to the previous question was in the negative (no standard
grid for a certain flight and project), one can request the listing of
model numbers and of the corresponding magnetic tape and file numbers with
transformed points into the state coordinate system . In case of a positive
answer, the programs GRID and SORA-OPS can be started .
- For a specified period of time concerning aerial photography output of a
listing of orthophotos of a certain (specified) scale belonging to the
area of interest, complete with their numbers, aerial photography codes,
and the dates of the flights .
d . Finally, the following questions can be put to the ADMINISTRATOR,
concerning the entire area of activities :
- What aerial photography have been completed in the year specified?
- Of which aerial photography have there been created any false color
orthophotos?
-What project codes belong to a certain project name (e . g. name of a certain
owner)?
- Where are there any standard grids belonging to a certain addressing level?
- Where are there any transformed points corresponding to photography of a
certain scale interval?
- How many models have been compiled on a certain stereocompiler instrument
in form of contour lines?
- Which models have yielded standard errors in their absolute orientation
worse than a specified accuracy level?
- Which standard grids have shown an inaccuracy exceeding a specified level,
in the process of height averaging on their borders?
3:1.:1.-
7.
SOME EXTENSIONS
Beside SORA-OPS, there exists a second 11 user program 11 (written by L.Molnar),
that can be started via the ADMINISTRATOR . It is creating plots of contour
lines digitized on a stereocompiler instrument or with a digitizer. The
program uses as input the transformed points in the state coordinate system,
and archived on a magnetic tape. It searches for contour line sections,
and after curve interpolation and re-coding writes them and their heights
on a plot file, within the frames of a map sheet. At this time, files
can be generated for plotters of the firms Aristo, Benson, Calcomp,
Contraves, and Kongsberg.
We are in the process of integrating the contouring program SCOP within
TOPIAS. First of all, common rules of data coding and recording had to be
created for SCOP and for TRANS (fig.1) /1/. Second, a conversion program
is being written, to allow data communications between the file with the
transformed points in the state coordinate system, and the so called
11
datafile 11 of SCOP. The datafile is a random access structure that will
be used, beside SCOP, by the programs written, correspondingly by
E . ABmus and by L. Molnar:
- UPDATE for correcting and editing the data /1/, and
PLOT for a manysided graphical representation of the data, using
different output devices.
The data coming from the SCOP datafile possess a structure superior to that
of the transformed points created by TRANS. The archiving of both of these
data is possible in the same way, with noting the differences in their
structure in the header of the data set (section 4), and in the corresponding project information record. Furthermore, archiving the SCOP-grid
will be made possible. Thi s grid contains, besides the heights of the
points of the grid, heights of intersections of the lines of the grid
with recorded breaklines of the terrain. In addition, these points are
arranged in computational units rather than in profiles. These specialities
of the structure have to be noted in the corresponding header and in the
corresponding information record.
Thanks: The authors wish to thank Dr. J. Bernhard of the Federal
Department of Standards and Surveys, and Mr. E. Zimmermann,
of the Federal Computations Bureau, and their colleagues for
the valuable ideas during our fruitful collaboration.
REFERENCES
/1/ ASSMUS, E.: Digitale Hohenlinienkartierung- EinfluB der Erfassung und
Verarbeitung der Daten auf das kartographische Ergebnis.
Dissertation an der TU Wien (in Bearbeitung).
/2/ KAGER, H.: Das interaktive Programmsystem OR IE trT im Einsatz. Presented
paper, Commission V, ISP-Congress 1980.
/3/ KRAUS, K.: Moderne Orthophototechnik. Vermessung, Photogr. Kulturt .,
77. Jahrgang, S . 65- 69, 1979.
/4/ KRAUS, K.' OTEPKA, G. , LOITSCH, J., HAITZMANN, H.: Digitally controlled
production of orthophotos and stereo-orthophotos. Photogr.
Eng. and Rem.S ens . Vol.45, pp . 1353-1362 , 1979.
/5/ MOLNAR, L.: An extended blunder elimination procedure. Presented paper,
Commission III, ISP-Congress 1980.
/6/ OTEPKA, G. and LOITSCH, J.: A computer program for digitally controlled
production of orthophotos. Presented paper, Commission I V,
ISP-Congress 197 6.
·
/7/ STEWARDSON, P.: The Hild Avioplan OR 1 orthophoto system. Presented
paper, Commission II, ISP-Congress 1976.
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