Chapter 2
The Evolution of
Management
Hellriegel, Jackson, and Slocum
MANAGEMENT: A Competency-Based Approach
South-Western College Publishing
Copyright © 2002
2.1
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
 Describe the three branches of the traditional viewpoint of management:
• Bureaucratic
• Scientific
• Administrative
 Explain the behavioral viewpoint’s contribution to management
 Describe how managers can use systems and quantitative techniques to
improve employee performance
 State the two major components of the contingency viewpoint
 Explain the impact of the need for quality on management practices
Hellriegel, Jackson, and Slocum
MANAGEMENT: A Competency-Based Approach
South-Western College Publishing
Copyright © 2002
2.2
History of Management Thought
Quality Viewpoint
Contingency Viewpoint
Systems Viewpoint
Behavioral Viewpoint
Traditional Viewpoint
1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Hellriegel, Jackson, and Slocum
MANAGEMENT: A Competency-Based Approach
South-Western College Publishing
Copyright © 2002
Adapted from Figure 2.1
2.3
Hierarchical Organization Chart
Top Manager
Middle Manager
Middle Manager
First-Line Manager
First-Line Manager
First-Line Manager
First-Line Manager
Work
Group
Work
Group
Work
Group
Work
Group
Work
Group
Hellriegel, Jackson, and Slocum
MANAGEMENT: A Competency-Based Approach
South-Western College Publishing
Copyright © 2002
Work
Group
Work
Group
Work
Group
Adapted from Figure 2.2
2.4
Continuum of Bureaucratic Orientation
Amazon.com
Pepsi-Cola
Cisco Systems
Procter & Gamble
Starbucks
Sony
Low
Bureaucratic
Structure
Hellriegel, Jackson, and Slocum
MANAGEMENT: A Competency-Based Approach
South-Western College Publishing
Copyright © 2002
Mid-Range
Bureaucracy
IRS
Blockbuster
Video
McDonald’s
High
Bureaucratic
Orientation
Adapted from Figure 2.3
2.5
Characteristics of Traditional Management
Bureaucratic
Management
Traditional
Management
Scientific
Management
Administrative
Characteristics
• Rules
• Impersonality
• Division of Labor
• Hierarchy
• Authority Structure
• Lifelong Career
Commitment
• Rationality
Administrative
Characteristics
•
Training in routines and
rules
•
“One Best Way”
•
Financial Motivation
Administrative
Characteristics
•
Defining of management
functions
•
Division of Labor
•
Hierarchy
•
Authority
•
Equity
Focus
• Whole Organization
Focus
•
Employee
Focus
•
Manager
Hellriegel, Jackson, and Slocum
MANAGEMENT: A Competency-Based Approach
South-Western College Publishing
Copyright © 2002
Adapted from Table 2.1
2.6
Characteristics of Traditional Management (cont.)
Bureaucratic
Management
Traditional
Management
Scientific
Management
Benefits
Benefits

Productivity

Efficiency
Benefits

Clear structure

Professionalization of
managerial roles
Drawbacks

Overlooks social needs
Drawbacks

Internal focus

Overemphasizes rational
behavior of managers


Consistency
Efficiency
Drawbacks


Rigidity
Slowness
Hellriegel, Jackson, and Slocum
MANAGEMENT: A Competency-Based Approach
South-Western College Publishing
Copyright © 2002
Adapted from Table 2.1
2.7
Basic Systems View of Organization
Environment
INPUTS
Human, physical,
financial, and
information
resources
Hellriegel, Jackson, and Slocum
MANAGEMENT: A Competency-Based Approach
South-Western College Publishing
Copyright © 2002
TRANSFORMATION
PROCESS
OUTPUTS
Products
and
Services
Feedback
loops
Adapted from Figure 2.4
2.8
Contingency Viewpoint
•
•
•
Behavioral Viewpoint
How managers influence others:
Informal Group
Cooperation among employees
Employees’ social needs
Systems Viewpoint
How the parts fit together:
•
Inputs
•
Transformations
•
Outputs
Traditional Viewpoint
What managers do:
•
Plan
•
Organize
•
Lead
•
Control
Contingency Viewpoint
Hellriegel, Jackson, and Slocum
MANAGEMENT: A Competency-Based Approach
South-Western College Publishing
Copyright © 2002
Managers’ use of other viewpoints
to solve problems involving:
•
External environment
•
Technology
•
Individuals
Adapted from Figure 2.5
2.09
Importance of Quality
Positive
Company
Image
Lower
Costs &
Higher
Market
Share
QUALITY
Decreased
Product
Liability
Hellriegel, Jackson, and Slocum
MANAGEMENT: A Competency-Based Approach
South-Western College Publishing
Copyright © 2002
Adapted from Figure 2.6
2.10
Integration of Management Viewpoints and Competencies
Managerial
Competency

Communication

Planning and
administration

Strategic action

Self-management

Global awareness

Teamwork
Management Viewpoint
Traditional
Behavioral
X
Systems
X
X
Contingency
X
Quality
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X = relatively high importance
Hellriegel, Jackson, and Slocum
MANAGEMENT: A Competency-Based Approach
South-Western College Publishing
Copyright © 2002
Adapted from Table 2.3