Green Economy
What is the Green Economy?
The “green economy”
refers to economic
sectors that are
focused on
environmental
sustainability.
The green economy
seeks to address the
interdependence of
human economic
development with the
health of the natural
ecosystem.
Bahan kajian dalam MK. Ekonomi Sumberdaya Alam
Disarikan oleh: Prof Dr Ir Soemarno MS, PM PSLP-PDKLP-PPSUB
MANUSIA KHALIFAH DI MUKA BUMI
''Ingatlah ketika Tuhanmu berfirman kepada para Malaikat:
''Sesungguhnya Aku hendak menjadikan seorang khalifah di
muka bumi.''
Mereka berkata: ''Mengapa Engkau hendak menjadikan
(khalifah) di bumi itu orang yang akan membuat
kerusakan padanya dan menumpahkan darah, padahal
kami senantiasa bertasbih dengan memuji Engkau dan
mensucikan Engkau?''.
Tuhan berfirman: ''Sesungguhnya Aku mengetahui apa yang
tidak kamu ketahui'‘
(Al-Baqarah:30)
TIGA PILAR KELESTARIAN BUMI
EKONOMI HIJAU vs. EKONOMI HITAM
‘The Black economy’:
pembangunan ekonomi yang bertumpu pd bahan
bakar fosil seperti batubara, minyak bumi dan gas
alam.
“The green economy”
bertumpu pd pengetahuan ekologi-ekonomi
dengan tujuan menyelaraskan hubungan ekonomimanusia dengan ekosistem- alam serta MINIMUM
dampak negatif akibat kegiatan ekonomi terhadap
lingkungan
Ecological economics is
a transdisciplinary field
of academic research
that aims to address :
the interdependence
and coevolution of
human economies
and natural
ecosystems over
time and space
www.arch.wsu.edu/.../sustain/cs-hecol.htm
ANALISIS EKOLOGIEKONOMI
Fokus issue:
1. Intergenerational
equity,
2. Irreversibility of
environmental
change,
3. Uncertainty of longterm outcomes,
4. Sustainable
development
www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html
Nilai ekonomi dari
natural-capital dan
ecosystem-services
sangat penting
dalam ecologicaleconomics.
Ecological economists
may begin by
estimating how to
maintain a stable
environment before
assessing the cost in
dollar terms.
www.environment.gov.au/.../report/overview.html
Tujuan utama
EcologicalEconomics (EE) :
Mengimplementasik
an pemikiran dan
praktek ekonomi
ke dlm realita
biofisik, seperti
hukum
termodinamika dan
sistem biologis.
Sumbangan sumberdaya alam bagi kesejahteraan manusia :
1. the planetary endowment of scarce matter and energy,
2. the complex and biologically diverse ecosystems that
provide goods and ecosystem services directly to
human communities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
micro- and macro-climate regulation,
water recycling,
water purification,
storm water regulation,
waste absorption,
food and medicine production,
pollination,
protection from solar and cosmic radiation,
the view of a starry night sky, etc.
Jasa-jasa ekosistem
Humankind benefits from a multitude of resources
and processes that are supplied by natural
ecosystems.
Collectively, these benefits are known as ecosystem
services and include products like clean drinking
water and processes such as the decomposition of
wastes.
Empat Kategori Jasa-jasa Ekosistem :
1. Provisioning services
• food (including seafood and game), crops, wild foods, and spices
• water
• pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, and industrial products
• energy (hydropower, biomass fuels)
2. Regulating services
• carbon sequestration and climate regulation
• waste decomposition and detoxification
• purification of water and
• crop pollination
• pest and disease control
3. Supporting services
• nutrient dispersal and cycling
• seed dispersal
• Primary production
4. Cultural services
• cultural, intellectual and spiritual inspiration
• recreational experiences (including ecotourism)
• scientific discovery
Enam Metode Utama dalam Valuasi Jasa-jasa Ekosistem :
Avoided cost
Services allow society to avoid costs that would have been incurred in the
absence of those services (e.g. waste treatment by wetland habitats avoids health
costs)
Replacement cost
Services could be replaced with man-made systems (e.g. restoration of the
Catskill Watershed cost less than the construction of a water purification plant)
Factor income
Services provide for the enhancement of incomes (e.g. improved water quality
increases the commercial take of a fishery and improves the income of fishers)
Travel cost
Service demand may require travel, whose costs can reflect the implied value of
the service (e.g. value of ecotourism experience is at least what a visitor is willing
to pay to get there)
Hedonic pricing
Service demand may be reflected in the prices people will pay for associated
goods (e.g. coastal housing prices exceed that of inland homes)
Contingent valuation
Service demand may be elicited by posing hypothetical scenarios that involve
some valuation of alternatives (e.g. visitors willing to pay for increased access to
national parks)
Ekonomi Hijau melingkupi:
1. Produksi green energy yng bertumpu pd renewable
energy untuk menggantikan fossil fuels
2. Konservasi energi menuju efficient energy use.
Ekonomi hijau dianggap mampu untuk:
1. Mewujudkan green jobs, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi
yang berkelanjutan ,
2. Meminimumkan pencemaran lingkungan, global
warming, pengurasan sumberdaya alam , dan
degradasi lingkungan.
“The green economy” mensyaratkan adanya campur
tangan pemerintah untuk memotivasi dunia-usaha
dan masyarakat berinvestasi dalam memproduksi
“green-products dan green-services”.
www.smashinggreen.com/tag/green-economy
Sektor-sektor Ekonomi Hijau yang Prospektif :
1. Renewable Energy
Renewable energy includes solar, wind, geothermal, and wave energy as well as bio gas and fuel cells.
2. Green Building
Construction has always been a big sector of any economy. Green buildings, whether commercial or residential, form a long term
sustainable impact on the environment as they are cost and energy efficient. Green buildings deal with things like alternative
energy paneling, waste management, earth friendly products, and water efficiency (during construction and after).
3. Clean Transportation
Transportation not only affects the economy but our everyday lives. Clean transportation means less dependency on fuel for
vehicles, trains etc. From hybrid and electric cars to public transportation – if it transports and sustains, it’s included in clean
transportation sector.
4. Water Management
Water is becoming a short resource day by day. Water recycling, rain water systems, water purification and storm water planning
has made the water management sector an important one for a green economy.
5. Waste Management
Waste management involves recycling of waste, salvaging, toxic remediation, sustainable/recyclable packaging etc. Any
technology that deals with how to get rid of waste or how to use it for other purposes is part of the waste management sector.
6. Land – Soils Management
Land may have no depreciation value, but it can still be destroyed. The green economy aims to make it profitable and sustainable
through proper land management. It does that through organic agriculture, habitat restoration, conservation, forestry, reforestation
and soil stabilization.
MENUJU EKONOMI-HIJAU:
by refocusing policies, investments and spending
towards sectors:
1. Clean Technologies,
2. Sustainable Energy Management (SEM),
3. Sustainable Water Management (SWM),
4. Sustainable Transportation Management (STM),
5. Sustainable Waste Management (SWM),
6. Sustainable Buildings Management (SBM)
7. Sustainable agriculture Management (SM)
8. Sustainable Forests Management (SFM)
www.cleanedge.com/.../reports-profits.php
TEKNOLOGI BERSIH
Profits and Potential
Clean technologies stand to provide significant relief to shortages in
energy, water, and other natural resources, while providing a path for both
developed and developing countries to address such pressing concerns
as greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, resource scarcity, and air
and water pollution.
Clean technologies will engender a variety of social
benefits, from reduced illness and infant mortality to
citizens' improved ability to hold meaningful jobs
and raise families.
The success of clean technologies will depend nearly as much on
government investments and policies as on companies' entrepreneurial
and marketing skills.
GREEN JOB
A green job are: "work in agricultural, manufacturing, research
and development (R&D), administrative, and service activities
that contribute(s) substantially to preserving or restoring
environmental quality.
Green-job includes jobs that
help to :
Protect ecosystems and
biodiversity;
Reduce energy, materials, and
water consumption through
high efficiency strategies;
De-carbonize the economy;
and
Minimize or altogether avoid
generation of all forms of
waste and pollution.
robertsonlowstuter.wordpr
ess.com/.../
Energy efficient
designs, incorporation
of recycled materials
into the design
process, or designing
with disassembly in
mind to make end-oflife recycling easier.
jongjava.com/.../565-membuat-pupuk-organik-cair
Sustainable Energy Management (SEM)
Energi Hijau
Green energy is the term used to describe sources of energy that
are considered to be environmentally friendly and non-polluting,
such as geothermal, wind, solar, and hydro. Sometimes nuclear
power is also considered a green energy source.
Green energy sources are often considered "green" because
they are perceived to lower carbon emissions and create less
pollution.
Green energy is commonly thought of in the context of electricity
generation.
Renewable energy certificates (green certificates or green tags)
have been one way for consumers and businesses to support
green energy.
Sustainable Energy
Management (SEM)
Energi
berkelanjutan :
1. Sumber energi yang
renewable: biofuels, solar
power, wind power, hydro
power, wave power,
geothermal power dan tidal
power.
2. Teknologi yng mampu
meningktkn energy
efficiency.
www.ricksquires.com/.../
Sustainable Energy Management (SEM)
Efisiensi Energi
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy
efficiency, is using less energy to provide the same level of
energy service.
Insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and
cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable
temperature.
Installing fluorescent lights and/or skylights instead of
incandescent lights to attain the same level of illumination.
Efficient energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient
technology or process rather than by changes in individual behavior.
Sustainable Energy
Management (SEM)
Renewable energy :
Energi yang dihasilkan dari
sumberdaya alam seperti radiasimatahari, angin, air, hujan,
pasang-surut, panas bumi, dan
hayati………
……. yang secara alamiah dapat
diperbaharui
ENERGI AIR = Hydropower
Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800 times
denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell,
can yield considerable amounts of energy.
There are many forms of water energy:
Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric
dams.
Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically
produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas as a
remote-area power supply (RAPS).
Damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans without
using a dam.
Ocean energy describes all the technologies to harness energy from the
ocean and the sea. This includes marine current power, ocean thermal energy
conversion, and tidal power.
ENERGI SURYA = Solar energy
Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun
through the form of solar radiation.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on
photovoltaics and heat engines.
A partial list of other solar applications includes
space heating and cooling through solar
architecture, daylighting, solar hot water, solar
cooking, and high temperature process heat for
industrial purposes.
ENERGI SURYA = Solar energy
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive
solar or active solar depending on the way they capture,
convert and distribute solar energy.
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels
and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the
Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.
BAHAN BAKAR HAYATI = Biofuel
Liquid biofuel is usually either bioalcohol such as bioethanol or an oil
such as biodiesel.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of
plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With
advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees
and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol
can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as
a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases.
Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is
usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon
monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles.
Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification .
PANAS BUMI = Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of
the earth itself, both from kilometers deep into the Earth's
crust in some places of the globe or from some meters in
geothermal heat pump in all the places of the planet .
It is expensive to build a power station but operating costs are
low resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites.
Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth's core.
ENERGI ANGIN = Wind power
Airflows can be used to run wind turbines.
Modern wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power,
although turbines with rated output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most
common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function of
the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output
increases dramatically.
Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and
high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms.
Typical capacity factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the
range in particularly favourable sites.
ENERGI ANGIN = Wind power
Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be
five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current
electricity demand. This could require large amounts of land to be used for
wind turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind resources.
Offshore resources experience mean wind speeds of ~90% greater than
that of land, so offshore resources could contribute substantially more
energy.
This number could also increase with higher altitude ground-based or
airborne wind turbines.
Wind power is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases during
operation, such as carbon dioxide and methane.
Sustainable Transportation Management
(STM)
Green Transport
Green transport includes:
Green transport is a category
of sustainable transport which
uses human power, animal
power and renewable energy.
Often the definition does not
include public transport which
relies on non-renewable
energy.
Walking
Cycling and some other types of
human-powered transport
Solar powered vehicles
Wind powered vehicles
Sustainable Transport
A sustainable transportation system as one that:
Allows the basic access and development needs of individuals,
companies and society to be met safely and in a manner consistent with
human and ecosystem health, and promotes equity within and between
successive generations.
Is Affordable, operates fairly and efficiently, offers a choice of
transport mode, and supports a competitive economy, as well as balanced
regional development.
Limits emissions and waste within the planet’s ability to absorb
them, uses renewable resources at or below their rates of generation, and
uses non-renewable resources at or below the rates of development of
renewable substitutes, while minimizing the impact on the use of land and
the generation of noise.
Sustainable Transportation Management
(STM)
Green Vehicle
Energy efficiency
A green vehicle is a vehicle
that is considered to be
more "environmentally
friendly" than traditional
all-petroleum internal
combustion engine
vehicles (APICEVs).
But car with similar production energy
spendings can obtain, during the life of the
car (operational phase), large reductions in
energy costs through several measures:
The most significant is by using alternative
propulsion:
An efficient engine that reduces the
vehicle's consumption of petroleum (i.e.
petroleum electric hybrid vehicle), or,
preferably, that uses renewable energy
sources throughout its working life (i.e.
battery electric vehicle).
This is accomplished by
having a low dust to dust
energy cost.
Sustainable Transportation Management
(STM)
Energy efficiency
But car with similar production energy
spendings can obtain, during the life of the
car (operational phase), large reductions in
energy costs through several measures:
The most significant is by using alternative
propulsion:
An efficient engine that reduces the
vehicle's consumption of petroleum (i.e.
petroleum electric hybrid vehicle), or,
preferably, that uses renewable energy
sources throughout its working life (i.e.
battery electric vehicle).
Sustainable Transportation Management
(STM)
Benefits of green vehicle use
Environmental
Vehicle emissions contribute to the
increasing concentration of gases
that are leading to climate change.
In order of significance, the principal
greenhouse gases associated with
road transport are carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous
oxide (N2O).
Of the total greenhouse gas
emissions from transport, over 85%
are due to CO2 emissions from road
vehicles.
Health
Vehicle pollutants have been linked
to human ill health including the
incidence of respiratory and
cardiopulmonary disease and lung
cancer.
A 1998 report estimated that up to
24,000 people die prematurely each
year in the UK as a direct result of air
pollution.
According to the World Health
Organisation, up to 13,000 deaths per
year among children (aged 0-4 years)
across Europe are directly
attributable to outdoor pollution.
Sustainable Transportation Management
(STM)
Cities can be made more sustainable
by means of:
Sustainable city
A more sustainable city, or Eco-city, has
fewer inputs (of energy, water, food etc)
and fewer waste products (heat, air
pollution, water pollution etc) than a less
sustainable city.
Green Green roofs
transport
Sustainable urban drainage systems or
SUDS
Energy conservation
Xeriscaping - garden and landscape
design for water conservation
Ecopolis (city)
An Ecopolis is a large city that follows ecological principles. The word
ecopolis is a portmanteau created from ecology (interactions between
living organisms and the environment) and polis (a city state).
Ruang Terbuka Hijau untuk
membersihkan udara kota
Sustainable Buildings Management (SBM)
GREEN BUILDING
Green Building, also known as green construction
or sustainable building:
is the practice of creating structures and using
processes that are environmentally responsible
and resource-efficient throughout a building's lifecycle: from siting to design, construction,
operation, maintenance, renovation, and
deconstruction. This practice expands and
complements the classical building design
concerns of economy, utility, durability, and
comfort.
Efficiently using energy, water, and other
resources
Protecting occupant health and improving
employee productivity
Reducing waste, pollution and environmental
degradation.
Green building is
the practice of increasing
the efficiency with which
buildings and their sites use
and harvest energy, water,
and materials, and reducing
building impacts on human
health and the environment,
through better siting,
design, construction,
operation, maintenance, and
removal — the complete
building life cycle.
The fundamental principles in green building :
Siting and Structure Design Efficiency,
Energy Efficiency,
Water Efficiency,
Materials Efficiency,
Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement,
Operations and Maintenance Optimization,
Waste and Toxics Reduction.
Sustainable Buildings Management (SBM)
GREEN BUILDING
ZERO-ENERGY BUILDING
A zero energy building (ZEB) or net zero energy building is a
general term applied to a building with zero net energy
consumption and zero carbon emissions annually.
Zero energy buildings are autonomous from the energy grid
supply - energy is produced on-site. This design principle is
gaining considerable interest as renewable energy is a means
to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
Buildings use 40% of the total energy in the US and
European Union.
Sustainable Buildings Management (SBM)
GREEN BUILDING
A building approaching zero energy use may be called a nearzero energy building or ultra-low energy house.
Buildings that produce a surplus of energy during a portion of
the year may be known as energy-plus buildings.
An energy autarkic house is a building concept where the
balance of the own energy consumption and production can
be made on an hourly or even smaller basis.
Energy autarkic houses can be taken off-the-grid.
ZERO-ENERGY BUILDING: ZEB
Zero Energy Buildings are usually built with significant energysaving features.
The heating and cooling are often drastically lowered by using
high-efficiency equipment, added insulation, high-efficiency
windows, natural ventilation.
In addition, free solar daylighting with skylites or solartubes can
provide 100% of daytime illumination. Nighttime illumination is
typically done with fluorescent and LED lighting that use 1/3 or
less of the power of incandescent lights, without adding
unwanted heat that incandescent lights do.
Other techniques to reach net zero (dependent on climate) are
Earth sheltered building principles, superinsulation walls using
strawbale construction, and exterior landscaping for seasonal
shading.
Sustainable Buildings Management (SBM)
GREEN BUILDING
Green building practices
Green building brings together a vast array of
practices and techniques to reduce and
ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on
the environment.
There are several key steps in designing
sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building
materials from local sources, reduce loads,
optimize systems, and generate on-site
renewable energy.
ARsitektur HIJAU
In the broad context, sustainable architecture seeks to
minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by
enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials,
energy, and development space.
Heating, Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency
The most important and cost effective element of an efficient
heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is a
well insulated building.
A more efficient building requires less heat generating or
dissipating power, but may require more ventilation capacity
to expel polluted indoor air.
ZEB advantages
1. Isolation for building owners from future energy price increases
2. Increased comfort due to more-uniform interior temperatures (this can
be demonstrated with comparative isotherm maps)
3. Reduced requirement for energy austerity
4. Reduced total cost of ownership due to improved energy efficiency
5. Reduced total net monthly cost of living
6. Improved reliability - photovoltaic systems
7. Extra cost is minimized for new construction compared to an afterthought retrofit
8. Higher resale value as potential owners demand more ZEBs than
available supply
9. The value of a ZEB building relative to similar conventional building
should increase every time energy costs increase
10.Future legislative restrictions, and carbon emission taxes/ penalties
may force expensive retrofits to inefficient buildings
Sustainable Water Management:
SWM
SWM is based upon the principles , namely:
1.
Freshwater is a finite and valuable resource that is
essential to sustain life, the environment and
development.
2. The development and management of our water
resources be based on a participatory approach,
involving users, and policy makers at all levels.
3. Women play a central role in the provision,
management and of water resources.
4. Water has an economic value and should therefore be
seen as an economic good.
Water's vital role for the environment and humans is linked to five main functions :
1. Maintaining human health : clean water is essential for maintaining human
health;
2. Maintaining environmental health: the health of aquatic ecosystems is
essential for fish/seafood supply, is a major determinant of biodiversity, and
provides for many other vital goods and services;
3. Supporting two production functions : a) biomass production, necessary for the
supply of food, fuel wood and timber; and b) economic production, since
industrial development has traditionally been "lubricated" by easy access to
water;
4. Supporting two carrier functions : a) water plays an active role in diluting and
transpiration wastes; and b) in the natural erosion and land processes of the
global water cycle;
5. Psychological function, which makes water bodies, water views, fountains and so
on fundamental components of human preferences and desires. Water also
plays a role in many religions and cultural activities.
SUMBER AIR : HUJAN
"Dan Yang menurunkan air dari langit menurut
kadar (yang diperlukan) lalu Kami hidupkan
dengan air itu negeri yang mati, seperti itulah
kamu akan dikeluarkan (dari dalam kubur)."
(Al Qur'an, 43:11)
Diperkirakan dalam satu detik, sekitar 16 juta ton air menguap dari bumi.
Angka ini menghasilkan 513 trilyun ton air per tahun. Angka ini ternyata
sama dengan jumlah hujan yang jatuh ke bumi dalam satu tahun.
RAIN WATER
Al A’raaf : 57.
Dan Dialah yang meniupkan angin sebagai pembawa berita gembira
sebelum kedatangan rahmat-Nya (hujan); hingga apabila angin itu telah
membawa awan mendung, Kami halau ke suatu daerah yang tandus, lalu
Kami turunkan hujan di daerah itu, maka Kami keluarkan
dengan sebab hujan itu pelbagai macam buah-buahan. Seperti
itulah Kami membangkitkan orang-orang yang telah mati, mudahmudahan kamu mengambil pelajaran.
Al Furqoon : 50.
Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah mempergilirkan hujan itu diantara manusia
supaya mereka mengambil pelajaran (dari padanya); maka
kebanyakan manusia itu tidak mau kecuali mengingkari (nikmat).
Pengelolaan Air Hijau
Green water is a very
important resource for global
food production.
About 60% of the world staple
food production relies on
… green water. The entire
meat production from grazing
relies on green water, and so
does the production of wood
from forestry.
In drylands almost the entire
food production depends on
green water (the relative
importance of irrigation is
minor) and most of the
industrial products, such as
cotton, tobacco, wood, etc.
BAGAIMANA MEMAKSIMUMKAN MANFAAT AIR HUJAN
www.vito.be/.../RuimtelijkeMilieuaspecten/
Green water is ignored …
by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it,
by economists because they can't price it, and
by governments because they can't tax it.
www.fao.org/docrep/R4082E/r4082e03.htm
KREDIT AIR HIJAU
Green water credits, however, are an opportunity to address this disparity
while enhancing ecosystem services for both farmers and downstream
stakeholders.
The International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) is pioneering
green water credits, which it describes as:
A mechanism for direct payment to people in rural areas in return for water
management activities which are presently un-recognized and unrewarded.
Benefits to poor people drive this initiative which, at the same time, safeguards
water resources and food security for everyone.
With funding from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), ISRIC is
developing a proof-of-concept project that creates financial incentives
for farmers in the developing world to better manage green water.
KREDIT AIR HIJAU
ISRIC is taking three steps to implement green water credits:
1. Quantification of the resource and how it can be optimized
by land use and management;
2.Valuation of its various uses and the costs of floods,
sedimentation, and the diseases caused by a lack of clean
water – enabling benefit cost analysis;
3. An agreed mechanism to:
a. Specify optimum management and its water benefits;
b. Negotiate a fair price;
c. Establish that the work is done;
d. Collect and pay credits.
MEMANEN HUJAN
Rainwater harvesting is the gathering, or accumulating and
storing, of rainwater.
Rainwater harvesting has been used to provide drinking
water, water for livestock, water for irrigation or to refill
aquifers in a process called groundwater recharge.
Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses, tents and local
institutions, or from specially prepared areas of ground, can
make an important contribution to drinking water.
MEMANEN AIR HUJAN
In some cases, rainwater may be the only available, or
economical, water source.
Rainwater systems are simple to construct from inexpensive
local materials, and are potentially successful in most
habitable locations.
Roof rainwater can be of good quality and may not require
treatment before consumption. However some rooftop
materials may produce rainwater that is harmful to human
health.
Household rainfall catchment systems are appropriate in
areas with an average rainfall greater than 200 mm per year,
and no other accessible water sources .
MEMANEN AIR HUJAN
There are a number of types of systems to harvest rainwater
ranging from very simple to the complex industrial systems.
Generally, rainwater is either harvested from
the ground or from a roof.
The rate at which water can be collected from either system is
dependent on the plan area of the system, its efficiency, and
the intensity of rainfall.
BAGAIMANA MEMANEN AIR HUJAN ?
Harvest is defined as (1) to gather in or (2) to
accumulate a store of.
Consequently to harvest rainwater means to gather it in.
In any house , this was done with an old wood barrel. It was
put beside the house and rainwater drained into it. We would
use this water to drink, clean the dishes and everything else
you can think of.
MEMANEN AIR HUJAN DARI ATAP RUMAH
www.solarhaven.org/WaterStorage.htm
MEMANEN AIR HUJAN DI TEMPAT JATUHNYA
www.libertyparkusafd.org/lp/BuildingGreenUSA/...
DIMANA HUJAN
JATUH ?
Fortunately it comes
FREE from the sky.
They still have not figured
out a way
to privatize rain yet.
Someone is actually
thinking about
those air space rights.
cutawayview.wordpress.com/.../
BAGAIMANA CARANYA
MEMANEN HUJAN?
Catch it in anything that holds waters.
Many landscape or garden stores can tell you where to buy
barrels. We have a wide variety, with some selling new barrels
and other selling barrels that have been recycled.
Landscapers and even one of the gutter installers rainwater
collection.
Some cities offer incentives, Once you have a container,
simply put the barrel beneath where the rainwater runs off
your roof and you have started harvesting.
Look for barrels that have a faucet attachment where you can
attach a hose to use the captured water for your yard.
MEMANEN AIR HUJAN DI PERMUKIMAN
www.johnsonslandscaping.com/.../raingardens/
RAIN GARDENs
A rain garden is a planted depression that is designed to
allow rainwater runoff the opportunity to be absorbed from
impervious urban areas like roofs, driveways, walkways, and
compacted lawn areas.
This reduces rain runoff by allowing stormwater to soak into
the ground (as opposed to flowing into storm drains and
surface waters which causes erosion, water pollution,
flooding, and diminished groundwater).
Rain gardens can cut down on the amount of WATER,
SEDIMENT and pollution reaching streams by up to 30%.
RAIN GARDENs
Rain gardens are beneficial for many reasons: improve water quality by
filtering run-off, provide localized flood control, aesthetically pleasing, and
provide interesting planting opportunities. They also encourage wildlife
and biodiversity, tie together buildings and their surrounding
environments in attractive and environmentally advantageous ways, and
provide significant partial solutions to important environmental problems
that affect us all.
A rain garden provides a way to use and optimize any rain that falls,
reducing or avoiding the need for irrigation. They allow a household or
building to deal with excessive rainwater runoff without burdening the
public storm water systems.
Rain gardens differ from retention basins, in that the
water will
infiltrate the ground within a day or two. This creates the
advantage that the rain garden does not allow mosquitoes to breed.
Model Rain-gardens dgn aneka vegetasi
www.ci.des-moines.ia.us/.../rain_gardens.htm
KOLAM SISTEM SURJAN PENAMPUNG AIR HUJAN
www.ecotippingpoints.org/.../index.html
Berapa ukuran
Penampung air hujan?
Rain barrels vary in size from a few gallons/liters to
about 100 gallons (i.e. 378 liters). Most barrels are
around 50-60 gallons (i.e. 189 - 227 liters).
Rainwater tanks run from several hundred
gallons/liters to many thousand gallons (i.e. 7,000 –
75,000 liters).
My tanks are about 2,000 gallons each (i.e. 7,570
liters each).
Menyiram tanaman dgn air hujan ?
Yes, but grass usually takes a lot of water.
A typical lawn requires about 3,000 gallons (i.e. 11,355 liters) a month.
This means you would need some large tanks to hold the water,
especially in drier climates. Additionally, you would need a large surface
area to capture the rain.
However, rain barrels can and should be used to augment your watering.
This will cut your watering bill and be better for your grass.
I recommend before going with big tanks to water your lawn you look at
reducing your outdoor water consumption.
But remember, rainwater is still free. The constraint
is the cost of the reservoir-tank & its delivery
system.
Bagaimana kualitas air hujan ?
Rain water is generally free of harmful minerals and in most
cases chemicals, but can be adversely effected by air
pollutants and/or contaminated by animals in the catchment
area. Due to increasing levels of pollutants, city and bottled
water providers are increasingly turning to use of
sophisticated treatment processes and chemincals to ensure
a quality product.
Consequently, rainwater for drinking should be carefully
stored and treated prior to consumption.
Pollution can add undesirable elements to the water. And
now we know that open water sources can harbor bacteria
and other health threatening organisms.
Bagaimana dgn Kolam Penampung air Hujan?
Kolam penampung air hujan dapat dibuat dengan
beragam ukuran dan bentuk, serta volumenya.
Kolam untuk memelihara ikan dapat dirancang
sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat menampung air
hujan dalam periode waktu pemeliharaan ikan (3-4
bulan)
KOLAM IKAN PENAMPUNG AIR HUJAN
www.ehow.com/how_5690870_create-fishpond-back...
Sustainable Forest Management
SFM
Forest management is the branch of forestry concerned with the overall
administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects and with the
essentially scientific and technical aspects, especially silviculture,
protection, and forest regulation.
This includes management for aesthetics, fish, recreation, urban values,
water, wilderness, wildlife, wood products, forest genetic resources and
other forest resource values .
Management can be based on conservation, economics, or a mixture of
the two.
Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of various
species, cutting roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire.
Pengelolaan hutan lestari:
Yakni hutan yang sehat secara EKOLOGI serta produktif secara
ekonomi.
Sustainable forest management (SFM) is the management of forests
according to the principles of sustainable development. Sustainable
forest management uses very broad social, economic and environmental
goals.
Sustainable forest management as:
The stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a
rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration
capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill, now and in the future,
relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national,
and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other
ecosystems.
Seven key elements of sustainable forest management
are:
1. Extent of forest resources
2. Biological diversity
3. Forest health and vitality
4. Productive functions and forest resources
5. Protective functions of forest resources
6. Socio-economic functions
7. Legal, policy and institutional framework.
Sustainable Agriculture Management (SAM)
Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental
stewardship, farm profitability, and prosperous farming communities.
Sustainable agriculture refers to agricultural production that can be
maintained without harming the environment.
www.umanitoba.ca/afs/ncle/Research
Projects.html
Sustainable Agriculture Management (SAM)
It has been defined as follows:
“the term sustainable agriculture means an integrated system of plant
and animal production practices having a site-specific application that
will, over the long term:
Satisfy human food and fiber needs
Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon
which the agricultural economy depends
Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm
resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and
controls
Sustain the economic viability of farm operations
Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.”
Forest Farm Management
Forest farming is an agroforestry practice characterized by
the four "I's"- Intentional, Integrated, Intensive and
Interactive management of an existing forested ecosystem
wherein forest health is of paramount concern. It is neither
forestry nor farming in the traditional sense.
Forest farm management principles constitute an ecological
approach to forest management through efforts to find a
balance between conservation of native biodiversity and
wildlife habitat within the forest and limited, judicious
utilization of the forest's varied resources.
Sustainable griculture and Farming systems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A sustainable farming system is a system in which natural resources are
managed so that crop yields do not decline over time.
A sustainable farming system is a system in which natural resources are
managed so that the stock of natural resources do not decline over time.
A sustainable farming system is one that satisfies minimum conditions of
ecosystem stability and resilience over time.
A concept related to sustainable farming systems is HNV farming systems,
which are likely to be of importance from a nature-conservation point of
view.
Sustainable agriculture is organized so that the necessary support
services (credit, extension, and input supply) are guaranteed.
Sustainable agriculture is a system guaranteeing equality, i.e.
distributional and welfare aspects are given due attention through
institutions that make farmer participation possible, that are concerned
about the poor and that are administered with a bottom-up approach.
A sustainable farming system is not unduly constrained by the sociocultural environment or the policy-institutional environment.
DELAPAN CIRI SISTEM USAHATANI
LESTARI:
1.Productivity - Land - Soils
2.Profitability
3.Stability
4.Diversity
5.Flexibility
6.Time-dispersion
7.Sustainability
8.Complementarity and environmental
compatibility
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN LESTARI
Soil quality is defined as “the
capacity of a soil to function
within ecosystem boundaries
to sustain biological
productivity, maintain
environmental health, and
promote plant and animal
health”
Suitability Evalution
of Land & Soils
Constraints & Limiting
Factors
Best Management Practices
Principles of Sustainable Land Management:
SLM
Principle 1.
Principle 2.
Sustainability:
Multi-functionality:
Land management should reflect the
principles of sustainable development.
land should be managed to deliver
a wide range of benefits beyond
food and fibre production.
These include: wildlife and
distinctive landscape character;
opportunities for public access;
and flood protection and water
management.
Land management should:
Safeguard the primary environmental
resources of air, soils and water;
Contribute to long term robust and adaptable
rural economies;
Maintain and enhance landscapes,
countryside character, biodiversity, historic
and cultural values;
Support rural communities - especially the
people whose livelihoods depend on it,
directly or indirectly.
Principles of Sustainable Land Management:
SLM
Principle 3.
Integration:
Principle 4.
Subsidiarity:
Land management must be integrated
with rural development.
a framework which can reflect regional
and local needs and aspirations.
Land management underpins other parts
of the rural economy, for example by
supplying products directly and indirectly
(by maintaining the landscape) upon
which rural tourism is based.
Businesses based on land management
provide business for other rural firms.
People should have a greater voice in
shaping land management to deliver
public benefits - while still reflecting the
fact that most land will remain in private
ownership.
These four principles of sustainable
land management guide and inform our
work.
PERIKANAN LESTARI
Long term constant yield is the idea that, when undisturbed,
nature establishes a steady state that changes little over
time.
If fishing is done properly, at about the level of maximum sustainable
yield, then nature will also adjust and settle down to a new steady state,
with the harvest occurring sustainably in a stable and predictable way.
However, this is a naive view. Such constancy is not an attribute of
marine ecosystems,
and this approach fails.
It is entirely natural for stock abundance to fluctuate, and the
potential yield of fish stocks changes with naturally
occurring short and long term variations.
PERIKANAN LESTARI
Preserving intergenerational equity acknowledges that
natural fluctuations occur, and regards as unsustainable
practices which would result in a deterioration of the genetic
structure, or habitat loss, or depletion of stock levels to the
point where it requires several generations for rebuilding.
Providing the stock can be rebuild within one generation,
overfishing may be economically foolish, but it is not
unsustainable.
This is currently a widely accepted definition.
PERIKANAN LESTARI
Maintaining a biological, social and economic system is a
perspective which considers the health of the human
ecosystem as well as the marine ecosystem.
A mixed-species fishery which rotates its fishing effort can
deplete individual stocks and still be sustainable so long as
the ecosystem retains its intrinsic integrity.
Such a definition might consider as sustainable fishing
practices that lead to the reduction and possible extinction
of some members of the ecosystem SERVICES.
JASA EKOSISTEM AKUATIK
The nine commandments for ecosystem-based fisheries :
1. Keep a perspective that is holistic, risk-adverse and adaptive.
2. Maintain an “old growth” structure in fish populations, since big, old and fat
female fish have been shown to be the best spawners, but are also
susceptible to overfishing.
3. Characterize and maintain the natural spatial structure of fish stocks, so that
management boundaries match natural boundaries in the sea.
4. Monitor and maintain seafloor habitats to make sure fish have food and
shelter.
5. Maintain resilient ecosystems that are able to withstand occasional shocks.
6. Identify and maintain critical food-web connections, including predators and
forage species.
7. Adapt to ecosystem changes through time, both short-term and on longer
cycles of decades or centuries, including global climate change.
8. Account for evolutionary changes caused by fishing, which tends to remove
large, older fish.
9. Include the actions of humans and their social and economic systems in all
ecological equations.
SUSTAINABLE WASTES MANAGEMENT
Waste management is the
collection, transport,
processing, recycling or
disposal of waste materials,
usually ones produced by
human activity, in an effort to
reduce their effect on human
health or local aesthetics or
amenity.
A subfocus in recent decades
has been to reduce waste
materials' effect on the
natural world and the
environment and to recover
resources from them.
www2.le.ac.uk/.../whyrecycle/wasteandenvironment
HIERARKHI LIMBAH
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and
recycle, which classify waste management strategies
according to their desirability in terms of waste
minimization.
The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste
minimisation strategies.
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum
practical benefits from products and to generate the
minimum amount of waste.
METODE PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
Landfill
A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and
relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials in a way that
minimises their impact on the local environment.
A poorly-designed or poorly-managed landfills can create a number of
adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of
vermin, and generation of leachate where result of rain percolating through
the waste and reacting with the products of decomposition, chemicals and
other materials in the waste to produce the leachate which can pollute
groundwater and surface water.
Another byproduct of landfills is landfill gas (mostly composed of methane
and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down
anaerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation,
and is a greenhouse gas.
METODE PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
Incineration
Incineration is a waste disposal method that involves the combustion of
waste at high temperatures.
Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are
described as "thermal treatment".
In effect, incineration of waste materials converts the waste into heat,
gaseous emissions, and residual solid ash. Other types of thermal treatment
include pyrolysis and gasification.
A waste-to-energy plant (WtE) is a modern term for an incinerator that burns
wastes in high-efficiency furnace/boilers to produce steam and/or electricity
and incorporates modern air pollution control systems and continuous
emissions monitors. This type of incinerator is sometimes called an energyfrom-waste (EfW) facility.
METODE PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
Resource recovery
The process of extracting resources or value from waste is variously referred to
as secondary resource recovery, recycling, and other terms.
The practice of treating waste materials as a resource is becoming more
common, especially in metropolitan areas where space for new landfills is
becoming scarcer.
Some resource recovery takes place by way of manual labourers who sift through
un-segregated waste to salvage material that can be sold in the recycling market.
These unrecognised workers called waste pickers or rag pickers, are part of the
informal sector, but play a significant role in reducing the load on municipalities'
solid waste management departments.
PEMULUNG +
PROBLEMATIKANYA
PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH KOTA MALANG:
RESOURCES RECOVERY
Pengumpulan:
TPS - TPA
Pemilahan:
Gradasi
Sortasi
Pakasi
Kertas bernilai
ekonomi
Logam bernilai
ekonomi
Galss bernilai
ekonomi
Plastik bernilai
ekonomi:
12 jenis dgn harga
masing-masing
Bahan organik
bernilai ekonomi
9 jenis dgn harga
masing-masing
7 jenis dgn harga
masing-masing
5 jenis dgn harga
masing-masing
Industri pengolahan
Kompos & Pupuk
Organik
METODE PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
Daur Ulang
Recycling means to recover for other use a material that would
otherwise be considered waste.
The popular meaning of ‘recycling’ refer to the widespread
collection and reuse of various everyday waste materials, such
as newspapers and drink bottles. They are collected and sorted
into common types so that the raw materials from these items
can be used again to create new products.
The most common consumer items recycled include aluminium
beverage cans, steel, food and aerosol cans, HDPE and PET
bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons,
newspapers, magazines, and cardboard.
Dekomposisi Anaerobik
Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as
plant material, food scraps, and paper products, are
increasingly being recycled using biogical
composting and/or digestion processes to
decompose the organic matter and kill pathogens.
The resulting organic material is then recycled as
mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping
purposes.
VERMIKOMPOSTING
Limbah organik yang
mengandung logam
berat
Proses vermi-komposting:
Dengan agen hayati Bakteri dan Cacing
PUPUK KOMPOS:
1. Nilai-pupuk yang tinggi
2. Bebas logam berat
Penjelasan undang-undang 18/2008 tentang asas nilai ekonomi
disebutkan:
”Yang dimaksud dengan “asas nilai ekonomi” adalah bahwa
sampah merupakan sumberdaya yang mempunyai nilai
ekonomi yang dapat dimanfaatkan sehingga memberi nilai
tambah”.
Undang-undang ini ingin “menciptakan pemahaman” bahwa sampah
adalah sumber daya bernilai ekonomis.
Sebab selama ini, pemahaman banyak orang, sampah adalah sesuatu
yang harus dibuang karena tidak terpakai lagi.
Undang-undang ini ingin merubah pemikirian, merubah cara pandang
orang. Ini semangat positif thinking yang luar biasa, dan upaya positif
thinking harus didukung.
MAKNA KHALIFAH
Semua manusia yang diciptakan oleh Allah di muka bumi
adalah Khalifah Allah; atau pengganti makhluk Tuhan untuk
melaksanakan amanah Tuhan sebagai pengelola bumi ini.
Allah memberikan amanah kepada semua manusia (Khulafa)
untuk membangun bumi ini; bukan kepada Malaikat, Jin,
Hewan, gunung, langit dan lain sebagainya; walaupun
mereka juga ciptaan Allah.
“Sesungguhnya kami telah menawarkan amanah kepada
langit, bumi dan gunung-gunung”. (Qs. 33:72).
Manusialah yang sanggup untuk memegang amanah itu
karena potensi yang dimiliki oleh manusia.
Terima kasih atas perhatiannya, semoga bermanfaat