Read chapter 40 in textbook
Read pages 243-246 in Cliffs AP Book
Assignment – Do the end of chapter “Testing Yourself” and
“Understanding the Terms” – Due
Mills Biology 2002/2015

Hardy Wienberg equilibrium
• p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
 True if these conditions are met:
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1.
2.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
Sample Problems:
http://anthro.palomar.edu/synt
hetic/sample.htm
mutation is not occurring
natural selection is not occurring
the population is infinitely large
all members of the population breed
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/pierce1
all mating is totally random
e/pages/bcseveryone produces the same number of offspring
main_body.asp?s=23000&n=0002
there is no migration in or out of the population
0&i=23020.01&v=chapter&o=|00
010|00020|00030|00060|&ns=0&u
• If conditions are met, population stays in equilibrium.
id=0&rau=0
 Each generation will have the same allele frequency and..
 Each generation will have the same genotype frequency
 Genotype frequencies can be predicted from allele frequencies
 Contrary to what was believed – the dominant allele does not wipe out
the recessive ones
• Use equation to show that evolution has/has not occurred
 Evolution = change in allele/gene frequency over time
 No evolution , then stay in HW Equil
• Can also use to estimate % of population carrying an allele for a
disease
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Topics
• Animal Hormones
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Other endocrine Glands and Hormones
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Chemical
Signals
• General phenomenon in the animal kingdom
• Can work at a distance or locally
• Nervous system uses neurotransmitters
• Endocrine system uses hormones
• Chemicals can communicate between individuals,
between body parts or between cells
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Chemical
signals – non human examples
• Female moth release sex attractant
• Ants leave trail of pheromones
• Dogs and cats urine marking
• Many mammals use feces and anal glands
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Endocrine glands
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Adrenal
• Pancreas
• Pineal gland
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Endocrine
gland cells secrete hormones
(chemicals) that enter the bloodstream, then
have an effect on cells in other parts of body
 Works with nervous system to control most
body functions such as:
• regulate water balance
• electrolyte balance
• blood pressure
• major roles in growth and reproduction
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Overview of
the
endocrine
glands
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Action/Chemistry
of hormones
• most hormones are either steroid based,
 synthesized from cholesterol
 estrogen and testosterone, aldosterone and cortisol
• or amino acid based (peptide hormones) substances
(non steroidal)
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amines, peptides,polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins
norepinephrine and epinephrine, TH (amines)
ADH, OT, TRH, SS, GnRH , calcitonin (peptides)
PTH, PRL, GH (proteins)
FSH, LH, TSH (glycoproteins)
• effect target cells, even in small amounts
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Non-steroidal Hormones (peptides)
First messenger
Second messenger
Example in
book –
epinephrine
causing
muscle cell to
break down
glycogen to
glucose
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Chapter
40
Hormones and
Endocrine Systems
Steroidal Hormones
(From adrenal cortex, testes and ovaries)
Animation
See next slide
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Hypothalamus
is part of the diencephalon
(brain) with many functions:
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•
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•
•
Autonomic
autonomic control center
emotional response and behavior NS control
temperature regulation
regulation of food intake
regulation of water balance and thirst
regulation of sleep wake cycle
control of endocrine system functioning Glandular
control
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
ADH OT
Posterior pituitary
ADH
OT
Kidneys
Uterus
Mammary Glands
Endo overview tutorial:
Mills Biology 2002/2015
..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies
Animations Sounds\Biology
animations\endocrine pituitary gland
Adam.dir
Anterior - adenohypophysis
Posterior - neurohypophysis
View of pituitary gland with
infundibulum
Superior view of pituitary
Mills Biology 2002/2015
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Hypothalamus releases hormones into the blood
Blood with hormones goes to the pituitary gland
Pituitary gland is stimulated to release hormones into
the blood
Blood circulates and hormones get “noticed” by
receptors on target organs

Target organs do “their thing”
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What turns the system on or off?
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Most
work by
negative feedback –
like the thermostat
in your house
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 GH
- growth hormone (somatotropin STH)
 TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
 PRL - prolactin
 ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
 LH - luteinizing hormone (ICSH in male)
 FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Release
stimulated by - GHRH
(hypothalamus)
 Actions - causes cells to increase in size
and divide more rapidly, helps a.a.
through cell membrane, increases
protein synthesis
 Too much - gigantism(child),
acromegaly(adult)
 Not enough - pituitary dwarfism
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Gigantism
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Gigantism
Yao Defen (China) 7’9” has
pituitary tumor
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Acromegaly
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Canine acromegaly (center)
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Canine pituitary dwarfism
Mills Biology 2002/2015
5 months old
Actor:
Billy Barty
Actor:
VernTroyer
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 GH
- growth hormone (somatotropin STH)
 TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
 PRL - prolactin
 ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
 LH - luteinizing hormone (ICSH in male)
 FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Release
stimulated by –TRH from
hypothalamus
 Inhibited by –TSH, thyroid hormones T3 and T4
 Actions –stimulates thyroid gland to release
thyroid hormones
 Too much - hyperthyroidism
 Too little -hypothyroidism
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Release
stimulated by - TSH (from pituitary)
 Inhibited by - T3 and T4 negative feedback
 Actions - increased energy release from
carbs, increased protein synthesis, needed
for normal nervous system development,
many other effects, effects most organs of
the body
 Too much - hyperthyroidism, Graves
disease
 Too little - hypothyroidism, child cretinism
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Hormones of the Thyroid Gland

Thyroid Hormones
 T3 - triiodothyronine
 T4 - thyroxine
– similar structures, tyrosine and iodine
– both produced by follicular cells

Calcitonin (not stimulated by TSH)
– produced by extrafollicular cells (C-cells)
– Moves Ca from blood to bones when
blood Ca too high
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Goiter caused by excess TSH release from Pituitary Gland
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Exophthalamus due to hyperthyroidism - Fluid
builds up in space behind eyes.
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Hyperthyroidism
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Goiter secondary to iodine deficiency.
Enough TSH, but thyroid tissue can’t make
thyroid hormone due to lack of iodine.
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Hypothyroidism
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
K-9 Hypothyroidism
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Hypothyroidism - non adult
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 GH
- growth hormone (somatotropin
STH)
 TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
 PRL - prolactin
 ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
 LH - luteinizing hormone (ICSH in male)
 FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Release stimulated by – CRH from hypothalamus
 Inhibited by –cortisol
 Actions –

• Causes adrenal cortex to release cortisol (increases
blood glucose). Cortex also releases aldosterone,
(increases Na reabsorption and K excretion), but not
stimulated by ACTH.
• adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and
norepinephrine (fight or flight response), but this is in
direct response to nerve impulses. Impulses controlled
by hypothalamus.
Too much –Cushings
 Too little –Addisons

Mills Biology 2002/2015
Cortisol and
Aldosterone

Epinephrine
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
– Glucocorticoids
– Mineralocorticoids

Adrenal Medulla Hormones
– Epinephrine and
Norepinephrine
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Release
stimulated by –GnRH from
hypothalamus
 Inhibited by – progesterone and
testosterone
 Actions – progesterone production
in female  ovulation, testosterone
production in male
 Too much  Too little Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Release
stimulated by – GnRH from
hypothalamus
 Actions – follicular development in
female, seminiferous tubule development
in male
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
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Release stimulated by –low blood Ca
Inhibited by – high blood Ca
Actions – raises blood Ca levels by reabsorbing more
Ca from kidneys, increasing Ca absorption from the
intestines, and taking Ca from bones
Too much – leads to hypercalcemia
Too little – low Ca can lead to tetany
Mills Biology 2002/2015
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Release stimulated by –Insulin (beta cells) – stimulated
by high blood glucose; Glucagon (alpha cells) –
stimulated by low blood glucose
Inhibited by –each other - antagonistic
Actions –lower/raise blood glucose
Too much Too little –insulin = diabetes mellitus type I
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 Pineal
- melatonin
 Thymus - thymosins
 Reproductive glands - estrogens,
progesterones, testosterone
 Digestive glands - gastrin, serotonin,
secretin, cholecystokinin
 Kidney - erythropoietin
 Skin - cholecalciferol
 Heart - atrial natiuretic peptide
Mills Biology 2002/2015
Mills Biology 2002/2015
 What
made our mantids moult?
Tenodera aridifolia sinensis Chinese Mantid
Mills Biology 2002/2015

What are the chemical signals that cause this ?
Mills Biology 2002/2015
The
Endocrine System
Mills Biology 2002/2015