Lesson XII

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Lesson XII & XIII
PERFECT TENSE
PAGES 87-96
Perfect Tense
 We’ve already learned the present and the future tenses.
 The present tense refers to what is happening
CURRENTLY, and uses the first principal part for the
first person singular and the second principal part to
form the stem for the rest.
 The future tense refers to something that WILL happen,
and uses the second principal part to form its stem.
 e.g. “We are fighting” or “pugnamus” is present tense.
“We will fight” or “pugnabimus” is future tense.
Perfect Tense
 The PERFECT TENSE refers to a single event that
happened in the PAST.
exempli gratia
We have looked at the road.
The teacher taught the girls.
Did the Romans fight in Gaul?
Perfect Tense
 In Latin, the PERFECT TENSE uses the THIRD
PRINCIPAL PART to form its stem.
exempli gratia
The perfect stem for specto, spectare, spectavi,
spectatus is spectav-.
The –i is the first person singular ending in the perfect
tense and is removed to create the stem.
Perfect Tense
 The PERFECT TENSE also has its own set of
ENDINGS.
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
Singular
-i
-isti
-it
Plural
-imus
-istis
-erunt
Perfect Stem
 To CONJUGATE a word in the perfect tense, use the
perfect stem (from the third principal part), take off
the –i, and add the endings.
exempli gratia
Conjugate augeo, augere, auxi, auctus in the perfect
tense:
Singular Plural
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
aux-i
aux-isti
aux-it
aux-imus
aux-istis
aux-erunt
Perfect Stem
 There are three possible ways to translate the perfect
tense.
Singular
Plural
1st
Person
portav-i = I carried, I
portav-imus = we carried, we
have carried, I did carry have carried, we did carry
2nd
Person
portav-isti = you
carried, you have
carried, you did carry
portav-istis = y’all carried, y’all
have carried, y’all did carry
3rd
Person
portav-it = he carried,
she has carried, it did
carry
portav-erunt = they carried, they
have carried, they did carry
Perfect Tense
 Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect tense on
a separate sheet of paper.
laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratus
mereo, merere, merui, meritus
habeo, habere, habui, habitus
Servi (pg. 92)
Servi Romani erant
capitivi.
Servi (pg. 92)
Romani multis pugnis
singulas terras
occupaverunt,
Servi (pg. 92)
et magnus erat
numerus captivorum.
Servi (pg. 92)
Captivos e Graecia, e
Gallia, ex Asia, ex
Africa in Italiam
moverunt.
Servi (pg. 92)
In familia Romana
erant multi servi, boni
et mali.
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
socius, socii (m.)
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
captivus, -i (m.)
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
cena, -ae (f.)
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
medicus, -i (m.)
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
mensa, -ae (f.)
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
altus, -a, -um
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
barbarus, -a, -um
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
singuli, -ae, -a
(always plural)
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
ambulo, -are, -avi, -atus
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
voco, -are, -avi, -atus
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
evoco, -are, -avi, -atus
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
libero, -are, -avi, -atus
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
mereo, merere, merui,
meritus
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
teneo, tenere, tenui,
tentus
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
moveo, movere, movi,
motus
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
a, ab (+ abl.)
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
de (+ abl.)
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
e, ex (+ abl.)
Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)
cur
Assignments
 Make flashcards for vocabulary on pages 86 and 95.
 Translate Servi on page 92.
 Complete Exercises A 1-4 and B 1-3 on page 89.
 Complete Exercises A 4-6 and B 3-4 on page 94.
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