Outline







Review Question Grading Mistake
Test Review
Inability of Labor Markets to Provide for All
Joblessness and Other Problems
Social Organization
Doug Massey and Segregation
Stop me at 3pm to talk about Fundraising Lose Ends and the
Trip to Campus
My Mistake…Didn’t give you credit for
the following… MUST HAND IN AGAIN





Week 5 Poverty and Self Interest
Sociology 315 Assignment
Week 5 Readings
Due on Tuesday (2/9/10)
1. In chapter 4, Rank argues that is in everyone’s self interest to conclude that
“widespread poverty within our border is…unwise, unjust, and intolerable”(Rank
2005: 87). His first line of argument involves the risk of poverty across the American
life course. For this question please describe what is meant by the term “life course”
and explain how the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) allows researchers to
study the life course.
Exam 1

What to say…

Median grade was a B …1/2 of you got a B or higher & ½ of you got a B
or lower… 80% of you got a C or higher…

Exam was worth 20% of your grade…Next test worth another 20%

40% of your grade is determined by the review questions…


If you’re not doing them, or not taking them seriously (and some of you are
not)… you are making a serious mistake
When the review questions to date are combined with exam, some of you
are in excellent shape…most of you are doing fine and moving in the right
direction…some of you are in deep trouble…
Rank and the Inability of the Labor
Market to Support All Citizens

March 2010 US Census Bureau Release
 Over
4 million full time workers are poor
From Ghetto to Jobless Ghettoes
“The manufacturing losses in some northern cities have been
staggering”(Wilson 1996: 29)

North Lawndale Neighborhood in Chicago loses 57,000
manufacturing jobs
Manufacturing Jobs Lost Between 1967-1987
Pct. Change Total Lost
 Philadelphia
64%
160,000
 Chicago
60%
500,000
 New York
58%
>500,000
 Detroit
51%
108,000

Note video clip on Blacks in the Steel Industry
Joblessness & Ghetto Related Behavior…A
“Culture of Poverty”

“…the residents of these jobless black poverty
areas face certain social constraints on the choices
they can make in their daily lives. These constraints,
combined with restricted opportunities in the larger
society, lead to ghetto-related behavior and
attitudes- that is, behavior and attitudes that are
found more frequently in ghetto neighborhoods than
in neighborhoods that feature even modest levels of
poverty and local employment. Ghetto-related
behavior and attitudes often reinforce the economic
marginality of the residents in jobless ghettos”
(Wilson 1996: 52)
Wilson on Structure and Culture



Wilson asks his readers to examine “social action- including
behavior, habits, skills, styles, orientations attitudes” within a
“broader structure of opportunities and constraints that have
evolved over time”(Wilson 1996: 54).
Situationally Adaptive: Social Structure  Cultural Response Shapes the
Social Structure
“This is not to argue that individuals and groups lack the freedom to make
their own choices, engage in certain styles and orientations, but it is to say
that these decisions and actions occur within a context of constraints and
opportunities that are drastically different from those present in middle class
society”(Wilson 1996: 55)
Ghetto Related Behavior and the
Structure of Opportunity


Wilson asks his readers to examine “social action- including
behavior, habits, skills, styles, orientations attitudes” within a
“broader structure of opportunities and constraints that have
evolved over time”(Wilson 1996: 54). He urges us to note the
urban poor make choices within a “context of constraints and
opportunities that are drastically different from those of
middle class society (Wilson 1996: 54). This does not mean
you have to approve of such choices. As sociologists, you are
asked to examine them within a broader context.
With this in mind, explain why drug dealing becomes a
“reasonable” career choice for some of the people that
Wilson interviews. Be sure to incorporate at least one direct
quote from one of the interviewees into your answer.
Drug Dealing as Rational Choice



“I’m a cocaine dealer -- cause I can’t get a decent ass job.
So, what other choices do I have? I have to feed my
family…do I work? I work. See…don’t bring me that bullshit.
I been working since I was 15 years old. I had to work to
take care of my mother and father and sisters.” p.58
“Me myself I have sold marijuana. I’m not a drug pusher, but
I’m just trying make ends—I’m trying to keep bread on the
talbe- I have two babies.” p.58
“Like I was saying, you can make more money dealing drubs
than your job, anybody…I can take you to a place where
cars come through like this all day – like traffic…” p.59
Wilson

Maybe a rational choice for the individual, but high levels of
drug activity bring other problems the community…

Violence and Guns


Turf battles, theft, crime….
This affects norms and action of others not involved in drug
trade

Others arm themselves…

Code of the Street evolves

Norms that provide for survival in high poverty neighborhoods, but which don’t
transfer to mainstream society
Outline




Wilson and Social Capital
Wilson and Bourdieu
Doug Massey and Segregation
Creating a Segregated America





Concentration of Poverty
Maintaining a Segregated America
The Effect of a Segregated America
Waiting to hear back from Minister…unless there are pressing
issues, we will talk trip & fundraising next week
Please bring Reflection set #3 (the one’s that were due the day
the ministers came) class next week.
My Mistake…Didn’t give you credit for
the following… MUST HAND IN AGAIN





Week 5 Poverty and Self Interest
Sociology 315 Assignment
Week 5 Readings
Due on Tuesday (2/9/10)
1. In chapter 4, Rank argues that is in everyone’s self interest to conclude that
“widespread poverty within our border is…unwise, unjust, and intolerable”(Rank
2005: 87). His first line of argument involves the risk of poverty across the American
life course. For this question please describe what is meant by the term “life course”
and explain how the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) allows researchers to
study the life course.
Wilson



High levels of drug activity bring other problems…
Neighborhoods become more dangerous… people
“decrease their involvement in voluntary associations
and informal social control networks essential to
maintain the social organization of the
neighborhood” (Wilson 1996: 61)
Can translate this from “soc-speak” to English?
Neighborhood Social Organization (Wilson
1996: 20)

Less Social capital



Interpersonal networks,
friendship networks, and
networks of family relations that

Can be tapped for jobs and
mobility

Enforce norms in society
In strong neighborhoods, social
capital links households together
and helps organize the community
Examples from Wilson? Or maybe
your life?
Wilson and Social Control


Neighborhoods with high levels of social organization
that connect adults “by means of an extensive set of
obligations, expectations, and social networks- are in
a better position to control and supervise activities
and behavior of children.” Wilson, p. 62
Connected neighbors “observe, report on and discuss
the behavior the children…networks reinforce
discipline…because other adults assume
responsibility for maintaining a public or social
behavior even on the part of children that are not
their own.” p. 62
Neighborhood Social Organization (Wilson
1996: 20)

In High Poverty Neighborhoods
 Networks
often weaker, more social isolation
 Work
on Philly and Denver suggests social isolation is
deliberately practiced by parents in dangerous neighborhoods
 Networks
that do exist may be helpful in “ghetto milieu”
but less helpful in promoting well being of kids in larger
society
Beyond Informal Networks…Little
Organizational Infrastructure


High Poverty Neighborhoods lack “strong
organizational capacity or an institutional resource
base that would provide an extra layer of social
organization in their neighborhoods” (Wilson 1996:
64)
Low rates of residential participation in voluntary
(PTO, block associations, neighborhood watch) formal
organizations (churches, political parties) and inform
networks (bowling teams, playgroups, card games)
Economy
State
Civil Society in
Middle Class Neighborhood
Political Party
Union
Rotary
Club Food Bank
Bowling
Team
Professional
Neighborhood
Association
Watch
Church
Individual
Economy
State
Civil Society in
Poor Neighborhood
Informal
Neighborhood
Connections
Food Bank
Church
Individual
Economy
State
Civil Society in
Middle Class Neighborhood
Political Party
Union
Rotary
Club Food Bank
Bowling
Team
Professional
Neighborhood
Association
Watch
Church
Individual
Wilson and Social Control


“A weak institutional resource base is what distinguishes high
jobless inner city neighborhoods form stable middle class and
working class areas.” p. 64
Weaker organizational basis and fewer institutional resources



Neighborhood Associations, Block Organizations, cub scouts, PTO, etc.
This a gap the CEM is trying to fill
Research shows that this makes it hard to control behavior in a
neighborhood

“The higher the density and stability of formal organizations, the less
the illicit activities such as drug trafficking, crime, prostitution, and gang
formation can take root in the neighborhood.” p. 64
When all is said and done…

“In short, social isolation deprives inner city
residents not only of conventional role models,
whose strong presence once buffered the effects
of neighborhood joblessness, but also of the
social resources (including social contacts)
provided by mainstream social networks that
facilitate social and economic advancement in a
modern industrial society. (Wilson 1996: 66).
Joblessness is about more than just
money…


“…where jobs are scarce, where people rarely, if ever, have
the opportunity to help their friends and neighbors find jobs,
and where there is a disruptive or degraded school life
purporting to prepare youngsters for eventual participation in
the workforce, many people eventually lose their feeling of
connectedness to work in the formal economy; they no longer
expect work to be a regular, and regulating, force in their
lives.” (Wilson, p.52)
What does it mean to say that work is about more than just
money…?
Bourdieu and Work



It is not just about making a living
“It constitutes a framework for daily behavior and patterns of interaction
because it imposes disciplines and regularities.” p.73
Without work and regular income a person lacks a “coherent organization of
the present- that is a system of concrete expectations and goals.”


Increased levels of depression, lack of self efficacy (feeling that you can take
steps to achieve goals in a given situation) and hopelessness


“Everybody needs someplace to go.”- Michael Chabon
“They took all the hope away.” – Man in Video
These feelings can spawn further problematic behavior

Substance Abuse
Economic Restructuring, the surbanization of
jobs, and Segregation

Economic Restructuring has big impact on
African Americans given where their
occupational distribution
24.7
25
21.9
20
15




Important to be clear…Most Blacks are
not poor.
“Inner city African Americans are
“overrepresented in areas of high to
extremely high poverty concentration…”
p.51
And underpresented in the areas where
job growth is now concentrated…
This has led to research aimed in
understanding the concentration and
segregation…
10
9.8
8.6
5
0
White
Black
Hisp
Asians
Poverty
Massey Supplements Wilson


“My purpose is to supplement Wilson’s theoretical
argument by introducing residential segregation as a “key
conditioning variable in the social transformation of the
ghetto and to illustrate the crucial role it plays in
concentrating poverty and creating the underclass”
(Massey 1990: 330)
Massy’s argument: “In the absence of racial segregation,
the economic dislocations of the 1970s would not have
produced concentrated poverty or led to emergence of a
socially and spatially isolated underclass.” (Massey,
p.330)
Suburbanization of Employment

Donut Shaped Development Share of Jobs within 3, 10, > 10
mile Radius of central city, 1996
Urban population faced with suburban
job growth…

Spatial Mismatch


The demand for labor has shifted away from neighborhoods where
blacks are concentrated in favor of suburban areas
Chicago as an Example

1970-1990, 60% of new jobs in Chicago area were created in
the Northern Suburbs
 Blacks are less than 2% of that
population…How to explain this?

By 1990, Chicago Accounted for just 37% of the jobs in metroregion
Back to Chicago….

Why aren’t Blacks in the suburbs where the growth is?

Video Clip from the Promised Land

What prevented blacks from following whites to the new suburban
neighborhoods that were built following World War II?

How did the city of Chicago decide to address the lack of housing for
blacks in Chicago?

You will sometimes hear the term “perpendicular segregation, “vertical
ghettoes” or “ghettoes in the sky.” Explain what is meant by these
terms.

How did people seem to like the Robert Taylor homes?
Creating a Segregated America

Deliberate private and public choices made by
Whites…Let’s explore.
 American
Apartheid, Massey and Denton
Isolation Indices by Year
1890
1970
Chicago
8.1%
89.2%
Philly
11.7
75.6
NY
3.6
60.2
Avg
6.7
73.5
Creating a Segregated America

Restrictive Covenants (note next slide)

Legally binding contracts signed by neighborhood residents
to keep blacks out of neighborhood




Property owners agreed not to permit a black to own, occupy or
lease property
Usually valid for 20 years and became enforceable when 75% of
homeowners in an area had signed.
Used widely from 1910 until 1948
Federal Government urged their use until 1950
Creating a Segregated America







White engaged in violent attacks, mob behavior…intimidation
Whites Formed Neighborhood Organizations to non-violently
apply pressure
Lobbied for zoning restrictions on housing
Boycott realtors who deal with blacks
Boycott businesses who deal with blacks
Collect funds to buy property from sellers (Archie Bunker)
Buyout blacks
Creating a Segregated America

Survey of Real Estate Agents (1950s):
 80%
refused to sell blacks property in white
neighborhoods
 56%
simply refused to deal with blacks
Creating a Segregated America:
Government Role

White Public opinion favors discrimination:

“Do you think there should be separate sections in towns and
cities for Negroes to live in?”


84% of Whites say yes in 1942
Federal Housing Authority Underwriting Manual, 1939

“if a neighborhood is to retain stability, it is necessary
that properties shall continue to be occupied by the same
social and racial classes.”
Creating a Segregated America:
Government Role


Overtly Discriminatory Government Policies
Federal Housing Authority recommends use of
restrictive covenants

Recommendation remains in underwriting manual even after
Supreme Court rules restrictive covenants unconstitutional
Creating a Segregated America:
Government Role


Government Lending Agents engage in Redlining
the practice of financial lenders refusing to grant
home and commercial loans in minority and racially
changing neighborhood

Neighborhoods rated into 4 categories



Black neighborhoods rated in lowest categories
“within such a low price or rent range as to attract undesirable
elements.”
Areas would be outlined in red pen and denied loans
Building the suburbs…neglecting the
cities…




In 1966, Paterson and Camden New Jersey both had no
FHA loans.
Nassau County in Long Island had 60 times more loans
than the Bronx.
With no loans, houses can’t be maintained
Without access to credit, houses can’t be purchased…and
sold, which depresses wealth in these communities
Massey and Denton, American
Apartheid
“Given the importance of the FHA in the residential housing
market, such blanket redlining sent strong signals to private
lending institutions, which followed suit and avoided making
loans within affected areas. The lack of loan capital flowing
into minority areas made it impossible for owners to sell their
homes, leading to steep declines in property values and a
pattern of disrepair, deterioration, vacancy and abandonment.
Thus by the 1950s, many cities were locked in a spiral of
decline that was directly encouraged and largely supported by
federal housing policies. As poor blacks from the south entered
cities in large numbers, middle class whites fled to the suburbs to
escape them and to insulate themselves from the social problems
that accompanied the rising tide of poor.”
Maintaining the Ghetto


If Blacks can’t spread out…What do you do? What
did they do in Chicago?
Build Up.
1950s and 1960s Government Housing Projects
 Decent Modern Accommodations



Projects often nice
But still Segregation…

Reservations in the Sky,Vertical or Perpendicular Ghettos
Maintaining the Ghetto…

Double edged sword…New but segregated


By both race and class
“The replacement of low density slums with highdensity towers of poor families also reduced the class
diversity of the ghetto and brought about a
geographic concentration of poverty that was
previously unimaginable. This new segregation of
blacks – in economic as well as social terms- was the
direct result of unprecedented collaboration between
local and national government.”

Massey and Denton, p.57
Explaining Concentrated Poverty




Concentrated Poverty as result of “strong interaction” between the level of
segregation and changes in the structure of income distribution.” (Massey,
p.331)
Bumper Sticker
 High Poverty Rate + High Segregation Rate= Highest Levels of Poverty
Concentration
Massey uses a model to show the mechanism that leads to this situation…
Try not to have a brain hemorrhage… try to follow the logic …I am not going
to show you the math and equations…if you interested you can look at the
original article:

American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass
Author(s): Douglas S. Massey Source: The American Journal of Sociology,
Vol. 96, No. 2 (Sep., 1990), pp. 329-357 Published by: The University of
Chicago Press Stable
Massey’s Model…A Picture of
America…1970

Blacks not permitted into many sectors of the
economy, and therefore have higher rates of poverty

Black poverty level in City X is 20%

White poverty level in City X is 10%

Picture more or less corresponds to NYC and Chicago
Massey’s Model: A city without Segregation

If Blacks & Whites live in integrated neighborhoods poverty
rate in all neighborhoods is 12.5%
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
B=2000
W=6000
Massey’s Model…If Blacks are Barred from 4 Northern
Neighborhoods…Average white environment improves as
poverty reduced


All Black experience a poverty rate of 13.3%
Some Whites live in neighborhoods with 10% poor (no Blacks)…on
average White are in neighborhoods with poverty rate of 12.2%
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=0
B=0
W=8000 W=8000
B=2666
W=5334
B=2666
W=5334
B=2666 B=2666
W=5334 W=5334
B=2666
W=5334
B=2666
W=5334
B=2666 B=2666
W=5334 W=5334
B=2666
W=5334
B=2666
W=5334
B=2666 B=2666
W=5334 W=5334
As segregation increases, so does level of poverty in Black
communities…while level in White communities drops


All Whites live in segregated community…White poverty is
10%...so that is the avg. for each neighborhood
All Blacks live in segregated community…Black poverty is
20%...so that is the avg. for each neighborhood
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=0
W=8000
B=8000
W=0
B=8000
W=0
B=8000
W=0
B=8000
W=0
Now add class segregation to racial
segregation…



Middle class blacks leave poorest neighborhoods
Class segregation reduces poverty in the non-poor
neighborhoods and increases it on the poor sides…
Watch…
Racial Segregation w/ Class Segregation & Poor Blacks become
concentrated in HIGH POVERTY NEIGHBORHOODS

Poor blacks concentrated in high poverty areas
Pb=0
Pw=1600
Pb=0
Pw=1600
Pb=0
Pw=1600
Pb=3200
Pw=0
Pb=0
Pw=1600
Pb=0
Pw=1600
Pb=0
Pw=1600
Pb=3200
Pw=0
Pb=0
Pw=0
Pb=0
Pw=0
Pb=0
Pw=0
Pb=0
Pw=0
Pb=0
Pw=0
Pb=0
Pw=0
Pb=0
Pw=0
Pb=0
Pw=0
Now add class segregation to racial
segregation…


Class segregation reduces poverty in the non-poor
neighborhoods and increases it on the poor sides…
“The imposition of racial segregation on a residential
structure that is also segregated works to the detriment
of poor blacks and to the benefit of poor
whites”(Massey 1990: 336).

All poor Blacks end up in neighborhoods with 40% poverty
Massey’s Main Finding...

“In a segregated environment, any exogenous economic
shock that causes a downward shift in the distribution of
minority income (e.g., the closing of factories, the
mechanization of production, the suburbanization of
employment) will not only bring about an increase in the
poverty rate for the group as a whole, it will also cause an
increase in the geographic concentration of poverty” (Massey
1990: 337).


The economic shock is concentrated… “confined to a small
number of minority neighborhoods; the greater the
segregation, the smaller the number of neighborhoods
absorbing the shock, and the more severe the resulting
concentration of poverty”(Massey 1990: 337)
Can anyone interpret this?
A Tangle of Pathology…Business Failure

“A major consequence of any downward shift in the
distributional structure of black income is a reduction in buying
power in neighborhoods where poor blacks live” (Massey
1990: 344).

No race and class segregation, the loss of buying power is dispersed
across the city

With race and class segregation, the loss of buying power is
concentrated in a few neighborhoods

“In poor neighborhoods, therefore, retail profits fall, services are cut
back, and businesses inevitably close…”(Massey 1990: 345)

“Racial segregation takes the overall loss in Black income, concentrates it
spatially, and focuses on fragile neighborhoods that are least able to
absorb it”(Massey 1990: 345)
A Tangle of Pathology…Housing
Deterioration

Homeowners less able to make repairs
 Can’t


afford repairs…Supply stores close
Landlords can’t recover costs of building
maintenance
Buildings are abandoned…neighborhoods
deteriorate
A Tangle of Pathology… Everything becomes
more concentrated

Percentage of welfare dependent families increases

Percentage of female headed families increases

Mortality risks increase



Education suffers


Lack of health care
Unhealthy behavior
Support for schools comes from local sources…decline in
neighborhood reduces school funding
Crime rates increase…note next slide
“A Tangle of Pathology”


“Racial segregation is the structural condition imposed on
blacks that makes intensely deprived communities possible,
even likely. When racial segregation occurs in the classsegregated environment of the typical American city, it
concentrates income deprivation within a small number of
poor black areas and generates social and economic
conditions of intense disadvantage” (Massey 1990: 350).
“These conditions are mutually reinforcing and cumulative,
leading directly to the creation of underclass communities
typified by high rates of family disruption, welfare
dependence, crime, mortality, and educational
failure”(Maseey 1990: 350)
Outline



Doug Massey and Segregation
Fundraising
Trip to Campus
My Mistake…Didn’t give you credit for
the following… MUST HAND IN AGAIN





Week 5 Poverty and Self Interest
Sociology 315 Assignment
Week 5 Readings
Due on Tuesday (2/9/10)
1. In chapter 4, Rank argues that is in everyone’s self interest to conclude that
“widespread poverty within our border is…unwise, unjust, and intolerable”(Rank
2005: 87). His first line of argument involves the risk of poverty across the American
life course. For this question please describe what is meant by the term “life course”
and explain how the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) allows researchers to
study the life course.
Creating a Segregated America

Deliberate private and public choices made by
Whites…
Isolation Indices by Year
Chicago
Philly
Avg

1930
8.1%
11.7
31.7
1970
89.2%
75.6
73.5
1990
83.9%
72.2%
64.9%
You can’t just wave a magic wand an undo
this…CensusScope -- Segregation: Dissimilarity Indices

The dissimilarity index (D), which may be interpreted as the proportion of the minority
racial/ethnic group of interest (m) that would need to move across sub-units in order to achieve an
even distribution, is given by
Strategies are effective…1933
Sociological Study of Chicago

Immigrant enclaves were never homogenous


Always other nationalities
Ethnics are never a majority of neighborhood
Except Poles, 54%
 Blacks were, 82% of population


Most European Did not live in the Ethnic Hood
3% of Irish did..
 50% of Italians did…
 93% of Blacks did…


European Ethnic Enclaves as Transition to Suburbs

Blacks find it hard to leave ghetto…
Massey’s Main Finding...

“In a segregated environment, any exogenous economic
shock that causes a downward shift in the distribution of
minority income (e.g., the closing of factories, the
mechanization of production, the suburbanization of
employment) will not only bring about an increase in the
poverty rate for the group as a whole, it will also cause an
increase in the geographic concentration of poverty” (Massey
1990: 337).


The economic shock is concentrated… “confined to a small
number of minority neighborhoods; the greater the
segregation, the smaller the number of neighborhoods
absorbing the shock, and the more severe the resulting
concentration of poverty”(Massey 1990: 337)
Can anyone interpret this?
Continued Segregation

5. Massey suggests that it is a fundamental myth
that the era of racial segregation is over. Please
present one piece of statistical evidence that
supports this claim.
Continued Segregation
South Africa and the US…
Continued Segregation


CensusScope -- Segregation: Dissimilarity Indices
The dissimilarity index (D), which may be interpreted as the proportion of the minority
racial/ethnic group of interest (m) that would need to move across sub-units in order to
achieve an even distribution, is given by
Continued Segregation


6. Massey notes that a variety of explanations for
why segregation persists. He dismisses several
common explanations and offers others.
Anyone recall some of the dismissed theories…
Not just class or income...Interpret this
chart please…
Even Affluent Blacks are
Segregated
Not Black Preference to live in segregated
neighborhoods…
Continued Segregation

6. Massey notes that a variety of explanations for
why segregation persists. He dismisses several
common explanations and offers others. Please
summarize one of the explanations that he offers.
Be sure to cite the text in your answer.
Why Segregation: Most Whites Prefer to Live in
Neighborhoods that are Mostly White
A lot of Whites prefer no Blacks…or other
minorities

Experiment, December 2001 American
Sociological Review


So how come Whites don’t seem to want to live with
Blacks
Is race the factor, or concerns about crime, schools
etc. that White’s may associate with Black
stereotypes?
Experiment, December 2001 American
Sociological Review

Random Sample of Whites asked:


“Imagine that you are looking for a new house and that you
have two school aged children. You find a house that you
like much better than any other house- it has everything
you’d been looking for, it is close to work, and it within your
price range.”
Asked with random combinations of following:
Public schools (low, medium, high)
 Neighborhood is [5% to 100%] Black, Asian, Hisp
 Property Values are [declining, stable, increasing]
 Crime rate is [low, average, high]

Experiment, Findings

Puzzle: Is race the factor, or crime, schools etc.

Findings:

Regardless of racial/ethnic make up of neighborhood, no one wants
high crime, bad schools

Percent Of Asians and Hispanic, no effect on choice

Percent Of Blacks has effect, even when schools good, property up,
crime low



If 35% Black, Whites would not buy
If 35% Asian or Hispanic, Whites would buy
Conclusion: Stereotypes & prejudice persist
Experiment, Findings

What made Whites more likely to buy when Blacks
were present:
 Number

of Black friends they had
Suggests Contact reduces prejudice
 Integrated
schools
 Affirmative Action in college
Another Explanation….Old
fashioned Discrimination
Residential Segregation: Why? Old fashioned
Discrimination




U.S Government Experiments:
Paired Samples
Blacks discriminated against
by Realtors & Others
56% of the time in rental
market
59% of the time in home sales



15% told nothing available
Shown 18% fewer units
21% steered to minority
neighborhoods…in my case away
Continued Segregation

7. Massey presents several ways that segregation
perpetuate disadvantage. Please explain two ways
that segregation perpetuates disadvantage. Make
sure that one of your explanations addresses the
concentration of poverty. Be sure to cite the text in
your answer.
Segregation and Disadvantage
Segregation and Disadvantage
Segregation and Disadvantage
Segregation and Opporunity

So what can be done to eliminate concentrations of
poverty that limit opportunity for many Black
Americans?
Have you heard anyone talk about
this…in NJ the talk is about opposing it
Fundraising and a Trip to Campus


For each task you volunteer for and complete, I’ll
give ¼ point on your assignment grade
Fundraising new information or loose ends
 Change

jars; Track; Lacrosse, other?
Trip to Campus
 Spring
Carnival

1. Describe your feelings about your community
activity. Is it what you expected? Is it worthwhile?
Why or why not?

2. Please describe the most fulfilling thing that you
have experienced while with the afterschool program.

3. Please describe the most challenging thing that you
have experienced while with the afterschool program.

4. Are there things that you have learned from the children or
others that you work with at Chester Eastside Ministries? If so,
what?

5. What have you learned about yourself from this
experience? Have you learned any new skills or developed a
new interest? Has the experience challenged or made you
question any ideas that you previously held?

6. Has your community activity helped you learn something
new about poverty in America? Has it raised any new
questions in your mind?
Next…

Poverty and Family