Chapter 29, Section 3 Notes: Challenges & Changes in the Movement

In the early 196os, all civil rights groups wanted to achieve change through peaceful
means; by the late 1960s, many of the groups began to disagree- rise of Black
Nationalism & violent period.
Northern Segregation
 Problems of poverty in inner cities (white flight)
 Inferior schools
 Demands for civil rights were met with white anger, violence, & police brutality
 Similar problem to Southern cities
o De facto segregation- segregation that exists by practice & custom- will be
harder to change because it means changing people’s minds- Dr. King wanted
to fight this (Chicago 1966)
o De jure Segregation- Segregation by law; had been fixed
Urban Riots
o New York City- July 1964
o Watts, Los Angeles, CA- August 11, 1965
o Chicago, Detroit, Newark- 1966
o People angry over de facto segregation, police brutality, run-down communities &
schools, & high unemployment
Malcolm X
o Nation of Islam
o Blamed black problems on whites & advocated armed resistance to white
oppression; blacks should separate from white society
o Changed views after he visited Mecca
o Shot by members of his own organization on Feb. 21, 1965 in Harlem, New York
Stokely Carmichael
o Black Power- Pride in being African American
o Believed in violence; he alienated his group SNCC from Dr. King & SCLC
o Did not want whites to join SNCC
o Angry over events in MS (Meredith & “Walk Against Fear” in 1966)
Black Panthers
o Oakland, CA 1966
o Founded by Huey Newton & Bobby Seale
o Political Party
o Wanted to fight police brutality in ghettos, self-sufficiency for African Americans,
full employment, & decent housing
o Against Vietnam (Dr. King agreed with this stance)
o Won support because of community programs
Assassination of Dr. King
o April 3, 1968
o James Earl Ray
o Memphis, TN
o Death lead to urban rioting
Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
o Many political gains: 24th Amendment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of
1965 & Civil Rights Act of 1968; more blacks in politics
o Social gains- More pride in being African American-African Studies programs &
culturally diversity in schools, more blacks in media/pop culture
o Economic gains- more blacks going to college, getting better jobs
o Affirmative Action- Programs that involved making special efforts to hire or enroll
groups that have suffered discrimination; mostly colleges/companies that do
business with federal government; been challenged in recent years as reverse
discrimination