LOGO Security Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Shayan Zamani & Mojtaba Jafari Mazanadaran University of Science and Technology, Distributed Systems Class Seminar, Supervisor: Hadi Salimi {Sh.zamani and jafari}@ustmb.ac.ir Outline 1 Security Challenges 2 Security Principles 3 WSN Attacks 4 Conclusion 2 Security in WSN Security Challenges The broadcast nature of the wireless communication. The network deployment in hostile environments (e.g. battlefield, forest) with relatively poor physical protection. The limitations in energy, computational power and memory. The extremely large number of interacting devices in a sensor network. The dynamic nature of WSN (frequent changes in both its topology and its membership) 3 Security in WSN Security Principles Data Confidentiality: Ensuring that only authorized sensor nodes can access the content of the messages. Data Authentication: Ensuring that the data is originated from the correct source. Data Integrity: Ensuring that any received data has not been altered in transmit by unauthorized parties. Data Freshness: Ensuring that no old messages have been replayed. Availability: Ensuring that services offered by whole WSN or by a single sensor node must be available whenever required. 4 Security in WSN Type of Attacks From the point of view of how to Attack: Passive: Only monitors the communication channel. Threatens the confidentiality of data. Active: Attempts to delete, add or alter the transmission on the channel. Threatens data integrity, authentication and confidentiality. From the point of view of Attacker’s Device: Mote-Class Attacker: Has access to a few nodes with similar capabilities to those deployed in the network. Laptop-Class Attacker: Has access to more powerful devices like a laptop. Has advantages over legitimate nodes like greater battery power, more capable cpu and high-power antenna. From the point of view of penetration to Network: Insider: Has compromised some authorized nodes of the network (stolen key material, run malicious code). Outsider: Has no special access to the network. 5 Security in WSN Attacks in WSN(1/6) Network Network Layer Layer Attacks Attacks Physical Physical Jamming, Tampering Link Link Collision, Exhaustion, Unfairness Unfairness Collision, Exhaustion, Network Network and andRouting Routing Spoofed, forwarding, Spoofed, Selective forwarding, Sinkhole, Sybil, Wormholes, Wormholes, Hello Sinkhole, Sybil, Hello flood flood Transport Transport Flooding, Flooding, Desynchronization Desynchronization 6 Security in WSN Attacks in WSN(2/6) Physical Layer • Jamming: Interference with the radio frequencies a network's nodes are using. 7 Security in WSN Attacks in WSN(3/6) Data Link Layer • Collision: Altering of transmission octets to disrupt the packets. (checksum mismatch) 8 Security in WSN Attacks in WSN(4/6) Network Layer • Sinkhole: The adversary attracts the surrounding nodes with unfaithful routing information. 9 Security in WSN Attacks in WSN(5/6) Network Layer • Wormhole: The adversary tunnels the traffic received in a part of the network to another. 10 Security in WSN Attacks in WSN(6/6) Network Layer • Sybil attack: A single node presents multiple identities to other nodes. A Identity Table: Identity Table: Current = Current Current Current Current ==X,A,C,B =X,A,C =X,A X X,A,C,B,D F M B C D E N 11 Security in WSN Conclusion Need for physical network protection (not always possible). Cryptography can provide link layer encryption and authentication mechanisms (MAC) but this is not enough. End to end security mechanisms are impractical. Careful protocol design (routing, localization, data aggregation) with respect to security principles and attacker models. Consideration of energy issues when adapting countermeasures. 12 Security in WSN References(1/4) 1) S. Ganeriwal, S. Capkun, C.-C. Han, and M. B. Srivastava. Secure time synchronization service for sensor networks. In WiSe ’05: Proceedings of the 4th ACM workshop on Wireless security, pages 97–106, New York, NY, USA, 2005. ACM Press. 2) L. Lazos and R. Poovendran. Serloc: Robust localization for wireless sensor networks. ACM Trans. Sen. Netw., 1(1):73–100, 2005. 3) A. Perrig, R. Szewczyk, J. D. Tygar, V. Wen, and D. E. Culler. Spins: security protocols for sensor networks. Wireless Networking, 8(5):521–534, 2002. 4) Y.Zhou,Y.Fang,Y.Zhang, "Security Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey", IEEE Communication Surveys, Vol.10, No.3, 3rd Quarter 2008. 5) J. M. McCune, “Detection of Denial-of-Message Attacks on Sensor Network Broadcasts,” Proc. 2005 IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (SP’05), Oakland, CA, May 2005. 6) J. R. Douceur, “The Sybil Attack,” Proc. 1st ACM Int’l. Wksp. 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Johnson, Packet leashes: A defense against wormhole attacks in wireless networks, Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, vol. 3, pp. 1976, 1986, 2003. 15 Security in WSN References(4/4) 25. I.Krontiris,Th.Giannetsos,T.Dimitriou, "Launching a Sinkhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks; the Intruder Side", Athens Information Technology, Peania, Athens,Greece. 26. Ch.Tumrongwittayapak, R.Varakulsiripunth, "Detecting Sinkhole Attacks In Wireless Sensor Networks" ,ICROS-SICE International Conference, Aug 2009, Japan. 27. Some Slides Taken from Presentation of Pyrgelis Apostolos, “Cryptography and Security in Wireless Sensor Networks”, Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics University of Patras, 2009, Greece. 16 Security in WSN