Planning for Capacity in
the Context of Africa: A
Case Study of Ethiopia,
Kenya, and South Africa
1.231 Term Project
Esther Njuguna
Introduction
• Brief overview of the aviation industry in Africa –
characteristics:
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Low safety and environmental standards
Old aircraft fleet
Need for autonomy in civil aviation authorities
Need for infrastructure and training
Need for collaboration between airlines and open skies agreements
• Optimistic growth in the industry over the next years
• Demand for air transport in Africa has increased steadily over the
past years with passenger numbers and freight traffic growing by
45% and 80%
• Unequal growth – strong hubs in southern and eastern Africa;
stagnant market in central and western Africa
Kenya
• Kenya in brief
• Factors that have contributed to the country’s growth in
aviation
• Main airport – Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (IATA/ICAO
Code JKIA)
• Flag carrier – Kenya Airways (IATA/ICAO Code KQ)
History and Traffic Performance at
JKIA
• Opened in 1958 as Embakasi Airport
• Managed and operated by the Kenya Airports Authority, which
is a parastatal organization
• Serves as a hub airport for KQ and Fly540, which is an LCC
• Handles 75% of the national aviation traffic; 8th busiest in
Africa with respect to passenger traffic, and the 3rd busiest
with respect to cargo traffic
• Max capacity of 2.5 mill. pax when opened in 1958
History and Traffic Performance at
JKIA Cont.
• By 2006, the airport was handling in excess of 4.4 million pax –
almost twice its maximum capacity
• Aircraft movements, as well, almost reaching the capacity of
the airport – airport’s runway capacity is at 120,000
movements per annum, which is 83% utilization
Passenger Movements at JKIA
Aircraft Movements at JKIA
Traffic Outlook at JKIA
Facilities at JKIA
• One asphalt runway that is 4,117 meters long (13,507ft), 45
meters wide (148 ft.), oriented 06/24
• Semi-circular pier terminal building with a capacity of
58,000m2
• Unit 1 and 2 are used for international operations; Unit 3 is
used for domestic operations
Overview Image of JKIA
Semi-Circular Terminal Building at
JKIA
Upgrading and Expansion of JKIA
• The Kenya Vision 2030
• The modernization and expansion of JKIA is one of the
initiatives proposed by the Kenya Vision 2030
• The project is divided into 8 packages
PROJECT NAME
PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND ACTIVITIES
IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD
PHASE 1: ONGOING & URGENT PROJECTS
1
JKIA Package 1
Construction of Parking Apron – works completed and are in use
Completed in 2008
2
JKIA Package 2
Construction of terminal unit 4 building, Multi-story car park and grade parking – Project currently underway
September 2010-October 2012
as part of emergency recovery measures undertaken following the fire accident on 7th, August 2013.
3
JKIA Package 3
Renovation and re-organization of terminal unit 1,2,3 and arrivals building
2011-2015
4
JKIA Package 4-a
Rehabilitation and upgrading of aircraft pavement through construction of rapid exit taxiways and the
Jan 2012-June 2014
upgrading of Instrument Landing System (ILS) system from CAT I and CAT II
5
JKIA Package 4-b
Construction of 14 remote stands complete with fuel hydrant
Jan 2012-April 2013
6
JKIA Package 5
Construction of a temporal domestic terminal
December 2011-June 2013
7
JKIA Package 6
Construction of a new Greenfield Terminal – Phase 1
2011-2015
8
JKIA Package 7
Construction of a second runway – under preliminary design
To be determined
International Pier (Unit 4)
Overview of Completed
Expansion
Ethiopia
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Ethiopia in brief
Main airport – Bole International Airport (ICAO Code HAAB)
Flag carrier – Ethiopian Airlines (IATA/ICAO Code ETH)
Ethiopian Airline’s vision: to become the leading aviation
group in Africa by the year 2025.
History and Traffic Performance of
Bole International Airport
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Opened in 1950 as Haile Selassie I International Airport
Operated by the Ethiopian Airports Enterprise
Serves as a hub to Ethiopian Airways
Max capacity at inception was 500,000 pax per annum
Major expansion in the early 1980s was planned to increase
the capacity to 6-7 mill. Pax per annum
History and Traffic Performance of
Bole International Airport Cont.
Passenger Movements at Bole: 2000-2012
7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000
Passenger Movement
Capacity
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Facilities at Bole International
Airport
• 2 Terminals – Terminal 1 is dedicated to domestic operations
and Terminal 2 is dedicated to international operations;
Terminal 1 has 4 airline gates and Terminal 2 is fairly new
(opened in 2003) and has 7 airline gates; Terminal 2 is a
modern steel-and-glass building with 3 levels, its own parking
garage, shopping complex, restaurants, and other amenities
• 2 close-parallel asphalt runways, one of which was completed
in 2003; one runway is oriented 07R/25L and is 4,725m
(15,502ft) long and the other is oriented 07L/25R and is
4,604m (15,301ft) long
Expansion Project at Bole
• Another expansion project announced in
December 2010, consisting of the following
major plans:
• Construction of a new taxiway; This first phase of the project has been
completed at a total cost of $62 million. This has permitted the airport
to be able to handle 34 aircraft simultaneously (up from 19 aircraft
previously) with the second phase already underway to further
increase that capacity to 44 aircraft
• Construction of a new extension that will connect the international
terminal (Terminal 2) with the domestic terminal (Terminal 1)
• Construction of a new state-of-the-art cargo terminal that is set to
handle 1.2mill tonnes of cargo per annum
• Plans to build an entirely new international
airport are under discussion
South Africa
• South Africa in brief
• Nation’s main airport is O.R Tambo International Airport,
Johannesburg (ICAO Code FAOR)
• Flag carrier – South African Airways (ICAO Code SAA)
History and Traffic Performance of
O.R. Tambo International Airport
• Located in Gauteng, SA, near Johannesburg
• Founded in 1952 as Jan Smuts Airport, was renamed to
Johannesburg International Airport in 1994, and then again in
2006
• It handles more than 50% of the nation’s air passenger traffic
• It is operated by the Airports Company South Africa (ACSA)
• It is the biggest and busiest airport in the continent
• Currently has a capacity to handle 28 million passengers per
annum, after an expansion project in 2008 aimed at handling
the influx of passengers expected during the 2010 FIFA World
Cup
Facilities at OR Tambo
• 6 terminals that are broken down into 3 major areas: Terminal
A used for international operations, Terminal B used for
domestic operations, and a Central Terminal Building which is
used as a transit between the other two
• Terminal A has 3 levels: ground level is for international
arrivals; first level is for international departures; mezzanine
level is for both international departures and arrivals
• Terminal B has 4 levels: ground level is for domestic arrivals;
first level has retail outlets for both arriving and departing
passengers; second level is for domestic check-ins and
departures; third level has several offices and lounges
Facilities at OR Tambo Cont.
• 2 parallel runways which run north-south, and a disused cross
runway
• Western runway is oriented 03L/21R and has a length of
4,418m – making it one of the world’s longest international
runways; attributed to the rarefied atmosphere problem (OR
Tambo is a “hot and high” airport
• Eastern runway is oriented 03R/21L and is 3,400m
Passenger Movements at OR Tambo
25000000
20000000
15000000
Total Passengers
Year-To-Date
10000000
5000000
0
FY07/08
FY08/09
FY09/10
FY10/11
FY11/12
FY12/13
FY13/14
Aircraft Movements at OR Tambo
250000
200000
150000
Aircraft Movements
Year-to-Date
100000
50000
0
FY07/08
FY08/09
FY09/10
FY10/11
FY11/12
FY12/13
FY13/14
Expansion of OR Tambo
(Performed in readiness of the
2010 FIFA World Cup)
• Construction of a new central passenger terminal building
($220 million)
• Reconfiguration and upgrade of the existing international
terminal building
• Construction of additional structural car parking
• Additional fuel tanks
• Widening of runway and taxiway shoulders in order to
accommodate the Airbus A380
The total cost of the expansion was estimated to be
$497million
The Aerotropolis Initiative
• ACSA plans to develop airports in South Africa with the longterm strategic plan taking its cue from current urban design
thinking around a new kind of urban form – the aerotropolis,
or airport city
• At OR Tambo, plans include development of the midfield are
by constructing an X-shaped satellite as well as a possible
construction of a third and fourth runway
Conclusion
• Is there a justification for investing in new airports in Africa?
• Looking at traffic per airport, there is no current need of new
airports, but rather the need to optimize the existing facilities
• Capacity constraints show up on taxiways, aprons and jet ways
Conclusion Cont.
• Although capacity expansion is warranted in some African
airports, the focus of improving the industry should be on the
following:
• allowing more participation from the private sector (both in
airlines and airports
• improvement and installation of air traffic control surveillance
and communications systems, and weather dissemination
systems
• implementation of a proper legal framework and oversight
• improvement of safety and environmental standards
• continued liberalization
• implementation of a proper data collection system in order to
better understand the industry
Questions & Comments