AP European History
Quarter 2 Definitions
Chapter 16
Richelieu: closest advisor to Louis XIII. Was a politique in spite of being a cardinal
Treaty of the Pyrenees: 1659 ended a series of wars between Spain and France in
which Spain lost substantial territory to France. The treaty signaled the end of Spain
being a great power
Triennial Act: England. Parliament must meet at least once every three years
Moliere: Playwright at Versailles who produced comedies
Racine: Playwright at Versailles who produced tragic dramas
Mercantilism: advocated a nation’s self-sufficiency by a government’s rigid control of
the economy through colonies, a favorable balance of trade, bullionism, and the
encouragement of industry at home. Economic theory supported by Hobbes in The
Leviathan
Mazarin: closest advisor of Louis XIV
Colbert: French Finance Minister who was the biggest fan of Mercantilism
French 17th Century Classicism: the official artistic style of Louis XIV’s court
characterized by classical balance and restraint
Versailles: Baroque palace built by Louis XIV to glorify himself
Absolutist Government: a government in which the monarch has absolute power
John Locke: wrote The Second Treatise of Civil Government in celebration of the
Glorious Revolution
Oliver Cromwell: established a Puritan military dictatorship in England during the
Interregnum
Interregnum: the period after the English Civil War until the restoration in 1660
Restoration: 1660 when the Stewart dynasty was restored to the English throne
Long Parliament: when Parliament sat from 1640-1660
William of Orange: Stadtholder of the Netherlands who, with his wife, was invited to
take the crown in England
Bodin: French political philosopher who was a strong proponent of absolutism during
the reign of Louis XIV
Bossuet: Bishop who championed the cause of Divine Right of Kings during the reign of
Louis XIV
Stadtholder: Netherlands political and military leader always from the House of Orange
Sully: Henry IV’s closest advisor
Fronde: French nobles who tried to keep Louis XIV from the throne
Paulette: (French) an annual fee paid by royal officials to the crown to guanantee
heredity of their offices
Intendants: had fiscal, judicial, and political authority of the king in each of the 32
French districts. They reported directly to the king and were intensely loyal (middle class
roots)
The Bill of Rights 1689: signed by William and Mary signaling the Clorious Revolution
The Test Act: After the Restoration, the Anglican Parliament ruled that only those who
took communion at Anglican services could vote, assemble, teach, etc.
The Leviathan: written by Thomas Hobbes advocated rigid control of government and
the economy
War of the Spanish Succession: Charles II, the last Spanish Hapsburg king left his
throne to Louis XIV’s heir and grandson-a Bourbon- inspiring everyone else in Europe to
make war on France and Spain in order to prevent a superpower emerging in Europe
The Sun King: Louis XIV
Peace (Treaty) of Utrecht: ended the War of the Spanish Succession
Cervantes: wrote the first modern novel: Don Quixote
Edict of Fontainebleau: revoked the Edict of Nantes
Hobbes: wrote The Leviathan
Corvee: (France) All free peasants gave one month of labor to the king each year.
Chapter 17
Holy Roman Empire: 300-plus sovereign principalities in what is now
present-day Germany. The Emperor has been Hapsburg since Charles V but
power is nominal since the Peace of Westphalia.
Ottoman Empire: At its height of power under the leadership of Suleiman
the Magnificent. After 1566. Empire began to diminish after the Siege of
Vienna. Called, “The Sick Old Man of Europe.”
Sulieman the Magnificent: Sultan of the Ottoman Empire at its height.
Janissary Corps: Christian boys who served loyally in the Ottoman army.
Poland: Disappeared from the map of Europe after the partitions of the
1770’s and 1790’s. Was undone by the Liberum Veto.
Liberum Veto: Rule of the Polish Parliament that any governmental action
needed unanimous vote of the legislature.
Serfdom: was reimposed in Eastern Europe during the early modern period
to pacify the nobility in exchange for the nobles’ support of the king, tsar,
emperor.
Robot: 3-4days of unpaid labor each week that a free peasant in Eastern
Europe owed to the local noble.
Austrian Empire: Ruled by the HRE and included Hungary, Bohemia,
Austrian Netherlands, etc.
Bohemia: Present-day Czech Republic. Birth place of the 30 Years’ War,
was part of the Hapsburg Austrian Empire.
Hungary: Part of the Austrian Empire. Largest ethnic group: the Magyars
Leopold I: Successfully defeated the Turks during the Seige of Vienna
Siege of Vienna (1683) The Ottoman Turks’ last effort to expand into
central Europe. Ottomans were repelled by successful efforts of HRE
Leopold I
Pragmatic Sanction (1713): HRE’s Charles VI efforts to safeguard his
daughter’s inheritance. Provided that the HRE never be broken up and that
his heir was his daughter, Maria Theresa
Prussia: aka Sparta of the North. Ruled by the Hohenzollerns
Frederick William “the Great Elector” Hohenzollern. Unified
Brandenburg, Prussia, Rhine holdings into a single state
Junkers: Prussian Nobility
Frederick William I: aka The soldiers’ king. The most important
Hohenzollern in terms of paving the way for absolutism in Prussia
Sparta of the North: Prussia under the reule of the Hohenzollern dynasty
Muscovy: became the basis of what later became Russia
Boyars: Russian Nobility
Ivan III (the Great): established himself as hereditary ruler of Muscovy,
ending Mongol rule (1480). Tried to make Moscow the Third Rome
Cossacks: Free Russian Peasants who ran off to the outskirts of the
Russian Empire to avoid serfdom and formed outlaw gangs.
Ivan IV: aka The Terrible. His death (and the death of his son, Theodore)
led to the Time of Troubles. He was first to have the title, “Tsar.”
Time of Troubles: The period of civil war in Russia between the death of
Ivan the Terrible (and his son) and the establishment of the Romanov
dynasty.
Romanov Dynasty: Established by Michael Romanov in 1613. His
election ended the Time of Troubles
Old Believers: Russian Orthodox Catholics who refused to modernize their
religion and were persecuted. They reacted to the persecution by setting
themselves on fire.
Peter the Great: Tried to modernize and westernize Russia. Defeated the
Swedes to gain his “Window on the West” and built St. Petersburg. He was
the nth degree of Eastern European Absolutism.
Strelski: The Moscow guard who tried to keep Peter the Great from the
Russian throne.
Window on the West: St. Petersburg. Land on the Baltic was gained by
Russia as a result of winning the Great Northern War against Sweden.
St. Petersburg: The new capital of Russia. Was built by the forced labor of
Russian peasants. Russian nobles, craftsmen, shopkeepers were forced to
build and live in St. Petersburg.
Winter Palace: Peter the Great’s palace built in St. Petersburg in the
Baroque style.
Chapter 18
Scientific Revolution: Sparked by the work of Copernicus. A movement
that encouraged reliance on logic and reason rather than on superstition and
tradition.
Copernicus: introduced the heliocentric view of the universe with his On
the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
Heliocentric View: introduced by Copernicus. The sun, rather than the
earth, is the center of the universe.
Tycho Brahe: Europe’s leading astronomer of the 16th century. Collected
massive data that was later used to support Copernican theory though Brahe,
himself, did not support Copernicus’s New World View.
Johannes Kepler: Proved Copernican theory with mathematics. Was
Brahe’s assistant and the first great Protestant scientist of the Scientific
Revolution. Was responsible for the Three Laws of Planetary Motion.
Galileo: Supported Copernican theory with his Dialogue Concerning the
Two Chief World Systems. Was responsible for the Three Laws of Motion
and was forced to recant his findings by the Catholic Church and placed
under house arrest until his death by the Church.
Telescope: a tool used by astronomers. Galileo built his own.
Francis Bacon: introduced the Inductive method of reasoning which,
combined with the deductive (empirical or experimental) method, became
the Scientific method used today.
Empiricism: The experimental or inductive method
Inductive Method: the experimental or empirical method
Rene Descartes: responsible for the Deductive method (logic) which, when
combined with the inductive method (formalized by Bacon) made up the
modern scientific method.
Cogito Ergo Sum: IO think therefore I am . Rene Descartes proved his
existence using the deductive method.
Cartesian Dualism: Everything in the universe was either physical (and
best examined using the inductive method) or spiritual (best examined using
the deductive method. Brainchild of Descartes
Scientific Method: result of the combination of the inductive and deductive
methods.
Isaac Newton: responsible for the Universal Principles of Gravitation.
Wrote Principia. Introduced the notion of the natural laws of the universe.
Invented Calculus
Principia: (Newton) the greatest book on science ever written
Vesalius: wrote The Structure of the Human Body
William Harvey: wrote On the Movement of the Heart and Blood
Van Leeuwenhoek: Father of Microscopy. The first to see and describe
bacteria, yeast, and other living organisms using a microscope
Royal Society: England 1660. The most successful and prestigious of the
Scientific societies in Europe
Enlightenment: fostered the Idea that science and reason could explain all
aspects of life. Promoted a new reliance on logic and reason
Deism: The rational religion of the enlightenment
John Locke: Tabula Rasa. Two Treatises of Civil Government , Essay
Concerning Human Understanding. The Natural Rights of man and the
purpose of government.
Philosophes: Understood and communicated the work of the philosophers
of the Enlightenment
Voltaire: Candide. Believed that an Enlightened Despot was the best
government one could hope for. Was violently opposed to a religious
education. Was patronized by Frederick the Great.
Essay concerning Human Understanding: by John Locke introduced the
notion of Tabula Rasa. Believed that environment was the key to human
nature. Progress through education (and controlling the environment)
Montesquieu: wrote Spirit of Laws. Was Mr. checks and balances.
Rousseau: Introduced the idea of the General Will. Wrote Emile was the
Father of Romanticism…undermined the Enlightenment reliance on reason
and science
The Social Contract (1762): Rousseau’s version of government authority
(the General Will)
“Noble Savages” Rousseau’s term for those who are as one with nature
(like Naïve Americans)
Diderot: compiled The Encyclopedia. Was patronized by Catherine the
Great
The Encyclopedia: 1765 A collection of articles from philosophers,
scientists, philosophes, etc. which promoted reliance on reason and
skepticism. Was banned in France and made it to the list of Index of
forbidden Books
Beccaria: Italian Wrote On Crimes and Punishment. Promoted equality
under the law, an end to torture, the right to face one’s accuser in court, the
right to a speedy trial, etc.
Quesnay: French Physiocrat who believed in free market capitalism when it
came to French grain.
Physiocrats: Professional economists
Adam Smith: Promoted free-market capitalism in all areas. Believed that
prices and wages would be held in check by the “Natural Laws” of
economics (supply and demand)
Wealth of Nations: written by Adam Smith. Was the Bible of capitalism
Salon Movement: Wealthy French women hosted regular gatherings of
Philosophers, scientists, etc. So that Ideas could be shared
Mary Wollstonecraft: English. Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women
Paul d’Holbach: Undermined the Enlightenment. Was a public atheist and
introduced the philosophy of Determinism
David Hume: Scottish philosopher. Undermined the Enlightenment by
denouncing faith in reason (as well as in faith)
Jean de Condorcet: wrote Progress of the Human Mind in which he
identified 9 stages of human development and claimed that perfection was at
hand
Immanuel Kant: came up with the Categorical Imperative. The greatest of
the Germen Enlightenment philosophers
Classical Liberalism: the belief in laissez-faire capitalism, individual
liberty, natural rights of man and the government’s job to protect these
rights. Rights of citizenship and economy that most western countries’
citizens take for granted
German Pietism: a reaction against the rational religion of the
Enlightenment. The quest for a personal God, faith, mystery in religion.
Was called the Second Great Awakening in the U.S. Methodism and its
“born again” philosophy was a part of it.
John Wesley: Founder of Methodism
Jansenism: a Catholic sect that incorporated some Calvinism in the form of
predestination. Jansenists were persecuted in France by the Jesuits with the
approval of Louis XIV
Methodism: founded by Wesley. “Born Again” philosophy
Silesia: was taken by Frederick the Great from Maria Theresa’s Austria
Enlightened Despotism: a belief that absolute rulers should enact reforms
for the good of the people.
Frederick the Great: Prussia Began the War of the Austrian Succession.
Took Silesia from Austria. An Enlightened Despot to a degree. Patronized
Voltaire
Seven Years’ War: aka The French and Indian War. Attempt by Maria
Theresa to regain Silesia and crush Prussia
First Servant of the State: was what Frederick the Great called himself
War of the Austrian Succession: In 1740 Frederick the Great of Prussia
attacked Maria Theresa’s Austria and took Silesia
Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War. No change to the European
continent. Signaled the end of France as a colonial power.
Catherine the Great: Czarina of Russia. Wife of Peter III. Daughter of
the Enlightenment. Least enlightened of the Enlightened despots. Did
improve culture at Russian Court. Ended persecution of the Old Believers.
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756: Arranged by Maria Theresa. Allied with
France and Russia against Britain and Prussia in preparation for the Seven
Years’ War.
Polish Partitions: 1770’s and 1790’s Russia, Prussia and Austria divided
Poland among themselves.
Joseph II: The most enlightened but least effective of the Enlightened
Despots. Freed the serfs in Austria.
Pragmatic Sanction of 1713: Charles Vi of Austria tried to safeguard the
inheritance of his daughter, Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa: inherited the Austrian Empire in 1740 and was
immediately at war with Frederic the Great of Prussia. Was the author of the
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 and went to war in that same year in an
attempt to regain Selisia.
Liberum Veto: The rule of the Pollish legislature calling for a unanimous
vote before any action could be taken. Made Poland vulnerable .
Pugachev Rebellion: Large scale Cossack rebellion causing Catherine the
Great to forgive noble taxes and military service in order to gain their help in
her efforts to crush this rebellion.
Chapters 19 and 20
Agricultural Revolution: was characterized by crop rotation, selective
breeding of livestock, reintroducing nitrogen to the soil with crops such as
clover and turnips, drainage, and other features.
Open Field System: was the way farming was done prior to enclosure and
the Agricultural Revolution
Cornelius Vermuyden: Was the most important European authority on
drainage
Charles Townsend: brought the Agricultural Revolution to England from
the Netherlands
Crop Rotation: the introduction of different crops to fields on a rotating
basis in order to replenish the soil
Jethro Tull: used the scientific method to invent the seed drill
Seed Drill: invented by Jethro Tull. Allowed a more efficient, productive
method of planting seeds
Robert Bakewell: was foremost in selective breeding of livestock
Columbian Exchange: European crops were introduced to the New World
and New World crops were introduced to Europe (also disease, animals)
Enclosure Movement: The first was limited to England and involved
enclosing fields and raising sheep instead of crops. The second began in
England and spread slowly to the continent and involved fencing in farm
land to introduce new crops and new methods of production.
Corn Laws: (England) made it illegal to import foreign grain, allowing
domestic producers to charge artificially high prices for their product. Prices
were so high that many could not afford grain or bread. It was the most
obvious example of Parliament favoring the interests of the wealthy land
owners over the well-being of most of the population
Population Explosion: Began after a plateau period (1650-1750) and
directly related to more food and a variety of food being available after the
Agricultural Revolution.
Proto-Industrialism: just prior to the steam engine being introduced to the
machinery of the textile industry. Was characterized by cottage industries.
Cottage industry: many of those thrown off of the land during the
enclosure movement supplemented the family income by producing goods
within their homes
Flying Shuttle: allowed the weaver to push the shuttle with only one hand.
Invented by John Kay
Spinning Jenny: Hargreaves mechanized the spinning wheel
Water Frame: Arkwright improved thread spinning
Spinning Mule: Crompton combined features of the Spinning Jenny and
the Water Frame
Mercantilism: the predominant economic theory of the 16th century.
Encouraged the government to micromanage the economy. Was
championed by Hobbes in The Leviathan
Atlantic Economy: European powers enriched themselves with trade with
their colonies
Sugar: The crop most responsible for the introduction of the American
form of slavery
Bullionism: a feature of mercantilism. The effort to amass great amounts
gold and silver and to keep it within the country
Bank of England: was second only to the banks in the Netherlands whose
interest rates were better
Act of Union 1707: Scotland and England joined to create Great Britain in
order for the Scots to benefit from English trade
Navigation Acts (England): 1651, 1660 & 63: designed to steer colonial
trade exclusively to the Mother country
Triangular Trade: different trade routes including England, her American
colonies, Africa, and the British West Indies
Dutch Republic: Began the Agricultural Revolution in order to feed the
burgeoning urban population
Anglo-Dutch Wars: a series of wars between the English and the Dutch
which generally began as trade wars. Contributed to the decline of the
Dutch Golden Age
Slave Trade: (asiento) the Portuguese began the slave trade in order to
obtain workers for its sugar plantations
Middle Passage: the route between the western coast of Africa and the
Caribbean which was used most often to transport slaves to the New World
South Sea Bubble: the first great financial disaster of modern times.
Began as a scheme to pay off the English debt
Succession (War of the): Spain and France v the universe. Began when
Charles II (Sp.) left his throne to the grandson and heir of Louis XIV
Mississippi Bubble: Financial disaster in France similar to the English
South Sea Bubble
Treaty of Utrecht: ended the War of the Spanish Succession (1713)
Asiento: the slave trade. Went to England from Spain as a result of the
Treaty of Utrecht
Seven Years’ War: called the French and Indian War in the New World.
In Europe it was a result of Maria Theresa’s Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
and her effort to regain Silesia from Frederick the Great
Treaty of Paris: 1763 Ended the Seven Years War and signaled the end of
France as a major colonial power
American Revolution: with French and Spanish help, the American
colonies successfully broke their ties to England
Creoles: had Spanish parents but were not born in Spain
Mestizos: those with European and Native American blood
Edward Jenner: introduced the smallpox vaccine
Pietism (German): religious reaction against the rational influence of the
Enlightenment. People wanted a personal God who was interested in their
day-to-day affairs. Was called the Second Great Awakening in America
Spare the rod… creditied to Defoe. The belief that a parent’s most sacred
duty was to break the will of the child and make him obedient
Wesley: introduced Methodism. The belief that one could foster a personal
relationship with God through a “born again” kind of experience
Methodism: introduced the concept of the “born again” religious
experience. Was a part of German Pietism.
Chapter 21
Louis XV: great grandson of Louis XIV. Allowed his friends and
mistresses to have great influence over the French court. Went into great
debt as a result of the War of the Austrian Succession and his mistress was
the most famous of the 18th century (Madame Pompadour)
Madame de Pompadour: Mistress of Louis XIV
Parlement: the French court system theoretically independent of the crown
Rene de Maupeou: was instructed by Louis XV to dissolve the Paris
Parlement
Louis XVI: King of France, guillotined during the Reign of Terror
Marie Antoinette: daughter of Maria Theresa and wife of Louis XVI
First Estate: The French Clergy
Gallican Church: the official religion of France (Catholic)
Second Estate: French nobility
Third Estate: the bulk of the population in France (not the clergy or
nobility)
Bourgeoisie: French upper middle class
Corvee: France. The labor obligation that an independent peasant had to
the monarch
Lettre de cachet: arrest without cause. Universally hated in France
Ancient Regime: Feudal French Society
Jacque Necker: French minister of finance under Louis XVI who tried to
tax the French nobility but was blocked by the Paris Parlement
Assembly of Notables: high-ranking nobles and clergy called together by
Louis XVI who refused to allow themselves to be taxed and who insisted
that any change in taxation be approved by the Estates General
Estates General: a meeting of the representatives of the three French estates
Cahiers de doleances: List of grievances that Louis XVI asked the Estates
General to produce
Abbe Sieyes: member of the third estate who wrote What is the Third
Estate and who later arranged for Napoleon to take power through the Coup
d’Etat Brumarie
What is the Third Estate? : written by Sieyes explaining why the Third
Estate was the true representative of the French people
Age of Montesquieu: The first phase of the French Revolution whose
constitution provided for a constitutional monarchy
National Assembly: formerly the Third Estate who pledged to continue to
meet at Versailles until they had written a constitution
Tennis Court Oath: the pledge of the National Assembly to continue to
meet until they had finished writing a constitution for France
Storming the Bastille: The mobs in Paris, fearful that the king’s soldiers
were getting ready to crush those involved in bread riots, broke into the
Bastille in an effort to arm themselves against the soldiers
Great Fear: inspired by rumors from Paris, peasants in the French
Countryside attacked nobles and their estates
Declaration of Rights and Man: the French constitution written by the
National Assembly
Olympe de Gouges: wrote Rights of Women. Was guillotined during the
Reign of terror
The Rights of Women: written by de Gouges, an early French feminist, as
a reaction to The Declaration of Rights of Man which ignored the rights of
women
Wollstonecraft: (English) wrote Vindication of the Rights of Womenin
support of The Rights of Women
Madame de Stael: hosted intellectual salons and was a writer during the
Romantic period. Was an early advocate for women’s rights and was
banished from France by Napoleon (daughter of Jacque Necker)
Vindication of the Rights of Women: written by Wollstonecraft (English)
in support of Rights of Women
Assignats: paper money whose value was backed by confiscated Church
lands and which became worthless over time
Women’s March to Versailles: Parisian fish wives and others marched to
Versailles, killed the king’s guards, and demanded that the royal family live
at the Tuleries Jean-Paul Marat: incited the Paris mobs with his
newspaper editorials and who constantly called for heads to roll
Edmund Burke: wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France defending
the monarchy and nobility and cautioned the English to go slow with reform.
He predicted anarchy and dictatorship in France as a result of the Revolution
Thomas Paine: wrote propaganda for the French Revolution and defended
the revolution against Burke and others with Rights of Man
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy: provided for the election of the
clergy and that the clergy take an oath of allegiance to the new revolutionary
government and renounce their ties with the Pope. Was perhaps the biggest
mistake of the revolutionaries as it polarized the country
Jacobins: Republicans of the Revolution
Rights of Man: written by Paine in defense of the French Revolution
Flight to Varennes: un unsuccessful attempt by the French royalty to
escape Paris and gain support for a counterrevolutionary army
Girondins: Republican revolutionaries in the National convention who
fought with the Mountain to control the government
The Tuleries: the royal residence in Paris
Reflections on the Revolution in France: written by Burke. Was the most
famous defense of monarchy and nobility and privilege He predicted
anarchy and dictatorship in France as a result of the revolution
Sans-Culottes: the French working-poor who had the sympathy of
Robespierre and the Mountain
Legislative Assembly: the lawmaking body under the new French Republic
Brunswick Manifesto: a warning issued by Prussia and Austria to the
French Revolutionaries cautioning the French to do no harm to the French
royal family
Robespierre: led France during the Reign of Terror as the leader of the
Committee of Public Safety
Declaration of Pillnitz: a bluff by Leopold II and Prussia saying that they
would be willing to send troops to France if order was not restored soon
Paris Commune: a revolutionary provisional government centered in Paris
and headed by Danton took power from the Legislative Assembly
Lazare Carnot: reorganized the French Revolutionary Army during the
War of the First Coalition
Emigres: French nobles who fled France and who tried to form
counterrevolutionary armies to take France from the revolutionaries
The First Coalition: The alliance of Prussia and Austria against the French
Revolutionary Army
Law of Suspects: tribunals were established during the Reign of Terror
allowing for the arrest and execution of enemies of the state
Danton: colleague of Robespierre who was ordered to his execution by
Robespierre after questioning the continuation of the Reign of Terror
Age of Rousseau: the phase of the French revolution characterized by the
republic and the Reign of Terror
Louis Saint-Just: a confidant of Robespierre who arranged for the arrests
under the Law of Suspects.
National Convention: the lawmaking body of the new French Republic
that sentenced Louis XVI to death
Enrages: (Angry men) even more violent than the Sans-Culottes. Wanted
economic reform. Were farther left than the Jacobins
Reign of Terror: Rousseau’s “General Will” The execution of tens of
thousands as enemies of the state often with the new, humane guillotine.
Committee of Public Safety: Usurped the power of government from the
National Convention. Was led by Robespierre and commenced the Reign of
Terror while fighting the War of the First Coalition
Law of Maximum: to provide for maximum production, employment, and
prices
Levee en masse: the drafting of all French citizens into the army
Cult of the Supreme Being: the rational religion introduced to France by
Robespierre
Temple of Reason: the former Notre Dame Cathedral
The Directory: The Government of France after the fall of Robespierre
Thermidorian Reaction: Signaled the fall of Robespierre after he had
Danton and others executed and after introducing the Cult of the Supreme
Being
Conspiracy of Equals: led by Babeuf against the Directory. Hoped to
enforce equality with a dictatorship
Coup d’Etat Brumarie: overthrew the Directory in favor of Napoleon who
was invited to join by Adde Sieyes
Consulate Era: Napoleon was first Consul for the Consulate which ruled in
france from 1799-1804
Plebiscite: an election featuring universal male suffrage. A plebiscite
approved of Napoleon’s rule by a huge majority
Napoleon Bonaparte: Born to a noble family in Corsica. Was an artillery
specialist who was able to rise through the ranks of the French
Revolutionary army due, in part, to the absence of the emegris
War of the Second Coalition: Austria, England & Russia v France
Consulate Period: 1799-1804. Napoleon was First Consul
Treaty of Luneville: ended the War of the Second Coalition in Napoleon’s
favor
Empire Period: 1801-1814 with Napoleon as Emperor of France
First Consul: Napoleon as head of government 1799-1804
Jacques-Louis David: painted The Death of Marat
Grand Empire: France proper and Napoleon’s continental conquests
Napoleonic Code: Napoleon’s legal, criminal, penal code which was
spread throughout Europe as he conquered. It was his longest-lasing and
most wide-spread reform.
War of the Third Coalition: Britain, Russia, Austria v France after
Napoleon conquered Italy
Milan Decree: part of Napoleon’s continental System concerning neutral
countries
Battle of Trafalgar: 1805 England’s Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon at
sea
Horatio Nelson: Defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nile (1799) and the
Battle of Trafalgar but he died here
Battle of Austerlitz: 1805 Napoleon’s victory against the British on land.
Was the reason for the building of the Arc de Triomphe
Concordat of 1801: Napoleon’s peace with the Catholic Church
Arc de Triomphe: was built by Napoleon to celebrate his victory at
Austerlitz
Treaty of Tilsit: 1807 Prussia ceded land and ½ of its population to France
and Russia acknowledged Napoleon’s dominance of the European Continent
and agreed to respect Napoleon’s Continental System
Bank of France: created to help to stabilize the French economy
Continental System: Napoleon’s effort to starve the British out. The
Berlin and Milan Decrees
Berlin Decree: part of Napoleon’s Continental System which closed most
European ports to the British
Confederation of the Rhine: Napoleon’s reorganization of the HRE
Order in Council: England’s answer to Napoleon’s Continental System
Peninsular War: Began with Napoleon’s invasion of Spain to get to
Portugal and was met with Spanish guerilla fighters
Duke of Enghien: was executed by Napoleon although he proved to be no
threat and the execution without cause
Russian Campaign: Napoleon’s ill-fated invasion of Russia
Battle of Borodino: 1812 France v Russia ended in a draw
War of the Fourth coalition: 1813-14 England, Austria, Russia, Prussia v
France
Battle of Leipzig: aka Battle of the Nations The largest battle in world
history until the 20th century
Frankfort Proposals: Metternich’s generous offer to Napoleon to end the
fighting. Napoleon refused
Quadruple Alliance: England, Austria, Russia, Prussia (1814) allied to
fight Napoleon to the finish
Louis XVIII: Brother of Louis XVI who was restored to the French throne
after Napoleon’s defeat
Charter of 1814: French constitution providing for a constitutional
monarchy. Was given to the French people by Louis XVIII
First Treaty of Paris: Ended the War between the Quadruple Alliance and
Napoleon in 1814
Congress of Vienna: was dedicated to the balance of power in Europe after
Napoleon’s defeat and was successful in preventing liberalism and
nationalism with few exceptions until Germany and Italy formed and also
prevented world war for 100 years
Metternich: Austrian minister who was the foremost diplomat in Europe
from 1814-1848
Legitimacy: The effort of the congress of Vienna to restore legitimate
families to their respective thrones after Napoleon’s defeat
Compensation: The Congress of Vienna was careful to compensate those
who helped to defeat Napoleon
Balance of Power: a third principle of settlement that concerned the
congress of Vienna
German Confederation: The result of the Congress of Vienna reworking
the Confederation of the Rhine
Hundred Days: from Napoleon’s escape from Elba until his final defeat in
1815
Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon’s final defeat at the hands of Wellington in
1815
Concert of Europe: the Congress System and the Quadruple alliance
worked together to safeguard the status quo (harmony) and the balance of
power in Europe beginning in 1815
Holy Alliance: brainchild of Alexander I of Russia asking world powers to
sign off agreeing to treat each other with Christian values of charity,etc. The
Ottomans, the English, and the Pope refused to sign (only the Russians took
it seriously)
Alexander I Czar of Russia who offered the Holy Alliance