CHAPTER 4
The
variety of resources
on earth
1.Water, air, soil, mineral, fossil fuel are resources on earth.
2. Human beings and other living things need this resources to stay alive
3. The food we eat and the water we drink. Can you give other examples?
a. Food
Animals and plants are sources of food, fuel, clothes and building.
b. Air
Air is a mixture of gases. The atmosphere is the layer envelops the Earth. Air is need
by all living thing to survive
c. Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of the animals and plants that died millions
of years ago. Petroleum, coal and natural gas are examples of fossil feuls
d. Water
No living thing can survive without water
e. Soil
Soil contain humus, air, water and minerals
f. Minerals
Minerals are solid inorganic substances. Examples of minerals are gold, silver,
•Human beings, animals and plants need
food, water, air and shelter in order to
survive.
•The Earth has the resources needed to
sustain life.
•The resources are air, water, soil, minerals,
fossil fuels and living things.
Air
•Air is needed by all living things to survive.
•The atmosphere is a layer of air that envelops the
Earth.
•Air is a mixture of gases. Air contains gases such
as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
•Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two very important
gases that support life on Earth.
1.Oxygen
a.Used for respiration by living things
b.Used in combustion of materials
c.Used in industries
d.Released during photosynthesis.
2.Carbon dioxide
a.Used by green plants to carry out
photosynthesis
b.Used in fire extinguishers
c.Released
during
respiration
and
combustion.
Water
• Water covers a total of about three quarters of the Earth.
• The sources of water are oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, rainfall and ground
water.
• Importance of water
– To animals/human
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It provides a medium for chemical process and body metabolism
It is the main component of the blood
It transports nutrient to all cell in the body
It caries excretory products to the kidneys for excretion.
It helps to control the body temperature.
– To plants
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It helps to maintain the turgidity of plant cells.
It is used in photosynthesis.
Need for the germination of seeds.
Dissolves minerals salts in the ground for absorbtion by the root of plants
Helps to support aquatic plants
Cool down the plant (transpiration)
Soil
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Soil refers to the outer layer of the Earth.
Soil contains mineral matter, organic matter, air and water.
The soil organic matter includes
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Organic litter such as fallen leaves, twigs, fruit, animal dropping
etc.
humus formed from the composition of organic litter.
Microorganism living in the soil.
Air and water are found in pore spaces between the soil
particles.
The presence of air and water in the soil makes soil a natural
habitat for various types of plants and animal.
Importance of soil
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Source of minerals and fossil fuel
Source of clay for making pottery
Source of sand for making glass and cement
Base for agricultural activities
Foundation for construction of houses, building, road and other
structures.
Living things
Importance of plants and animals
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Flora and fauna (plants and animals) are
also natural resources that sustain life.
Plants and animals are resources needed
by human beings.
We can obtain food, fuel, materials for
making clothes and building materials from
plants and animals.
Green plants are able to make their own
food by carrying out photosynthesis.
Animal are not able to make their own
food.
Some animals for example, giraffes and
elephants feed on plants.
Some animals for example, tigers and
snakes feed on other animals.
Aquatic plants and animals are also
important resources for sustaining life.
Mineral
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Minerals are inorganic substances found
naturally on land and in seas or oceans.
Examples of minerals are feldspar, quartz,
iron, zinc, aluminium, tin, silver and gold.
Some minerals for example aluminium and
iron are mined because they can be used as
raw materials in various industries.
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are formed from the remains
of animals and plants that have died millions of years.
There are three types of fossil fuels; petroleum, coal
and natural gas.
Coal and natural gas can be burnt as fuel directly after
they mined.
Petroleum can be separated into different parts by
fractional distillation before use.
Products of fractional distillation are petrol, diesel,
kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas. ( LPG ).
PMR 2012
ELEMENTS, COMPOUND AND
MIXTURE PMR 04, 06
• Elements are substances that are made up of only
one type of particle.
• An element cannot be broken down into any
simpler substances by physical or chemical
methods.
• Examples of elements are copper, carbon, iron,
gold, sulphur and aluminium.
• There are more than 110 elements.
• Element can be grouped into metals and nonmetal.
a. Elements
•An element is made up only one type of particle . An element cannot be broken
• Examples of elements
I. All of metal e.x. Copper, carbon, iron, gold sulphur and aluminium.
a. Copper wires are made
up of copper particles
b. Iron are made up of
Iron particles
ii. Oxygen (O2) – two particles oxygen
iii. Hydrogen (H2) – Two particles hydrogen
c. Sulfur are made up
of sulfur particles
Element
Conduct electricity PMR 2011
Non-metal
Metal
carbon
aluminium
phosphorus
iodine
sulphur
copper
potassium
tin
mercury
bromine
argon
Examples of metals and non metals
Examples of non-metals
Metal PMR 06
Non-metal PMR 06
There are 91 types of metals that have There are 19 types of non-metals that
been identified so far.
have been identified so far.
Examples of metal: mercury, potassium, Example of non-metal: hydrogen, carbon,
sodium, silver, magnesium, platinum, lead, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur,
gold
iodine, bromine, chorine
Metals
Metals
Aluminium
Tin
Silver/Argentum
Potassium
Copper
Iron
Mercury
State (at room
temperature)
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Liquid
State at room temperature
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Non metals
State (at room
Non metals
temperature)
Carbon
Solid
Sulphur
Solid
Iodine
Solid
Bromine
Liquid
Oxygen
Gas
Chlorine
Gas
Hydrogen
Gas
Examples of non-metals
Carbon, sulphur, iodine, phosphorus, silicon
Bromine
Hydrogen, argon, xenon, radon, helium,
oxygen, neon, krypton, chlorine, fluoride,
rare gases.
b. Compound
•A compound is substance made up of two or more types of particles that
are chemical combined
•We can use chemical method to break a compound
Examples
1. Water (H20) - 2 particle hydrogen and 1 oxygen
2. Carbon dioxide (C02) 1 particles carbon and 2 oxygen
3. Salt ( Sodium Chloride )Is made up of Sodium and chlorine
4. sand Is made up of silicon and oxygen
5. Rust (iron oxide) Is made up of Iron and oxygen
Properties of metals and non-metals
Metals
Have shiny surface
Malleable (can be shaped)
Ductile (can be stretched)
Have high melting point
Good conductors of heat and
electricity
Non-metals
Have dull surface
Brittle
Not ductile
Have low melting point
Poor conductor of heat and electricity.
Mixtures
A mixture is a substance made up of two or more types of
Particles that are physically combined
Examples of mixtures
1. Air
Air is mixtures of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour,
and Dust
2. Soil
Is a mixtures of sand , clay, water , mineral salt and humus
3. Salt solution
Is mixture of salt and water
4. Coffee
Is mixture of coffee powder, sugar and water
Components of a mixture can be separated by any of these methods.
•Filtration
•Sieving/Sifting
•Evaporation
•Decantation
•Distillation
•Using a magnet
•Precipitation
•Extraction
•Chromatography.
Mixtures
•Mixtures are substances that are made up of two or more types of particles which combine physically.
•The different types of particles in a mixtures are not chemically combined and they can mix in any proportion.
•The components of a mixture can be separated easily by physical methods such as evaporation and filtration or by the use of
magnet.
•Examples :
blood, air, soil, coffee etc.
Mixtures
Air
Components
Oxygen, hydrogen, water vapor, inert gases, dust,
bacteria and other substances.
Salt solution
Milo drink
Petroleum
Soil
water, salt
Water, milo powder, sugar, milk
Petrol, kerosene, diesel, bitumen
Stones, sand, humus, minerals, mineral salts, air, water.
Separation of Mixtures. PMR 05
Gambar dari buku dirumah.. purple
Filtration
Components of a mixture can be separated by any of these methods.
•Filtration
•Sieving/Sifting
•Evaporation
•Decantation
•Distillation
•Using a magnet
•Precipitation
•Extraction
•Chromatography.
Sifting
Components of a mixture can be separated by any of these methods.
•Filtration
•Sieving/Sifting
•Evaporation
•Decantation
•Distillation
•Using a magnet
•Precipitation
•Chromatography.
•Extraction
PMR 2012
Components of a mixture can be
separated by any of these method
•Decantation
•Distillation
•Using a magnet
•Precipitation
•Extraction
•Chromatography.
Decantation
Distillation
Compounds PMR 04, 08
•Compounds are substances that are made up of two
or more types of particles.
•These particles combine chemically according to a
fixed proportion.
Compounds
Component elements
Oxygen, hydrogen
Carbon, oxygen
Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
Hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen
(Common Sodium, chlorine
Water
Carbon dioxide
Nitric acid
Sulphuric acid
Sodium chloride
salt)
Baking soda
Sugar
Hydrochloric acid
Calcium chloride (lime water)
Ammonia
Sodium hydroxide
Zinc nitrate
Sodium bicarbonate
Naftalena
Sodium, Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
Hydrogen, chlorine
Calcium, chloride, oxygen
Hydrogen, Nitrogen
Sodium, hydrogen, oxygen
Zinc, nitrogen, oxygen
Sodium, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carbon, hydrogen
Comparison between an element and a compound
ELEMENT
COMPOUND
• Made up only one type of particles
•It cannot be broken
•Made up more than one type of particles
•It can be broken by chemical methods
Comparison between a compound and a mixture
COMPOUND
• The element in compound are
MIXTURE
chemically
joined together
•It cannot be broken by physical method
•The element are not chemically joined together
•It can easily separated into physical method
Components of a mixture can be separated by any of these methods.
•Filtration
•Sieving/Sifting
•Evaporation
•Decantation
•Distillation
•Using a magnet
•Precipitation
•Extraction
•Chromatography.
Kelantan 2011
Selangor 2011
PMR 2012
Activity
Iron sulphide + dilute hydrochloric acid  hydrogen sulphide
Separating the components of mixture of iron filling and sulfur powder
Apparatus and materials:
1. Iron filling, sulphur powder, beaker, glass rod, bar magnet and Evaporation dish
magnet
Iron filling
Sulphur powder
Evaporation dish
Mixture of iron Filling
and sulphur powder
Procedure
1. Put two spatulas of iron on an evaporation dish. Observe the colour.
Bring a bar magnet to the iron filing.
•What do you see? Iron filing is black.
Iron filing are attracted to magnet
2. Put one spatula of sulphur powder on an evaporation dish . Observe the colour.
Bring a bar magnet close to the sulphur powder.
What do you see Sulfur powder is yellow Sulphur powder is not attracted to magnet
3. Mix the two substances in a beaker with a glass rod.
4. Bring a bar magnet to the mixture
•What do you see?
Just iron filling attracted by magnet
•Are the iron filling separated from the sulfur powder? Yes !
Precaution
1. Do not drop a magnet on the floor . It May lost a function
2. After activity make sure bar magnet is clear from iron filing
4.4
Separating the components of mixture of sand and salt
Apparatus and materials
Filter funnel, filter paper, beaker, retort stand, glass rod, evaporating
Dish. Wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, sand, salt and water
Procedure
Pour the liquid
To evaporating dish
1. Put some sand and salt into a beaker.
2. Add enough water into the beaker and stir
with a glass rod to dissolve the salt
3. Set the apparatus as shown in figure 4.6
4.Pour the contents of the beaker into the filter funnel
5. Collected liquid in a beaker
•Is the sand separated from the liquid?
•Where is the sand?
6.Set up apparatus as shown in figure 4.7
7. Pour the liquid that you have collected evaporating dish
8. Heat the water in the beaker until all of the liquid the evaporating dish has evaporated
•What is the solid substance live behind on the evaporating dish
Metal and non-metal
1. Most element are metal
2. The rest are non-metal
Metal
Figure shows the properties of metal
•Usual solid at room temperature •( exempt mercury)
•Shiny and hard
•Malleable
•Ductile
•Good heat conductor
•Good electric conductor
non-metal
•Exist as solid, liquid and gases at room temperature
•Dull
•Brittle
•Poor conductor of electricity •(exempt carbon)
•Poor conductor of heat
Investigating the properties of metal and non-metals
Apparatus and materials
Copper rod, sulfur rods, wires, hammer, dry cells, light bulb, sandpaper, bunsen burner,
Crocodile clips, and thumbtacks
Procedure
A Appearance
1. Rub the surface of a copper rod with sandpaper as shown in figure
• Does the rod become shiny?
2. Rub a sulphur rod with sandpaper
• Does the rod become shiny?
B
Sandpaper
Hardness
Copper rod
1. Hit a copper rod with a hammer as shown in figure
• Does the rod break?
2. Hit a sulphur rod with a hammer
Copper rod
• Does the rod break?
C
sulphur rod
Copper rod
The ability to conduct heat
1. Copper rod and sulphur rod must have same length and diameter
2. Attach a thumbtack to each rod by using some wax
3. Heat the end of each rod that is not attached with a thumbtack
• Which thumbtack drop first?
• Which of the two rod allows heat to pass through it more easily?
thumbtack
D The ability to conduct electricity
1. Prepare an electricity circuit as shown in figure
2. Clip a copper rod between the two crocodile clip to complete ten circuit.
• Does the bulb light up?
• Does a copper rod allow electricity to pass through it?
3. Repeat step 2 with sulphur rod
• Does the bulb light up?
• Does a copper rod allow electricity to pass through it?
The important of resources
1. Air
1. Air contains oxygen
2. When you breathe, your body takes oxygen from the air and carbon dioxide release
from your body into the air
3. Plant take in carbon dioxide and use it in process of photosynthesis to make food
and oxygen release into the air
4. The cell in your body and other organisms need oxygen to get energy from food.
2. Water
1.All living thing need water to stay alive
2. A human body contains 70% water
3. The human body needs water to make sure that the body system can function well
4. We use water to clean ourselves, drink and prepare food
3. soil
1. Soil supports the growth of plants and need for farming
2. Soil is source of building materials
3. Soil is home of many types of animals and microorganisms
4. Minerals
1. The mineral in earth is metal ores, quartz, feldspar, sand iron and silver
2. Some mineral are needed by body and plant to growth well
3. Tin is obtained from tin ores to make metal for food
4. Sand can be to use make glass
5. Fossil fuels
1. Fossil fuel are burnt to provide heat
2. Petroleum is source of petrol and diesel
3. The heat from burning of coal is use to generate electrical station
4. Natural gas is use as cooking gas
6. Living thing
1. Plants and animals are give us food, fuel, building materials, medicine and
making clothes.
2. Plant can be used to make paper, building materials, charcoal
3. Fish is important source of protein
4. Oil palm give us palm oil
5. Sheep give us wool to be use clothes
Penutup
1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr
2. Tasbih Kifarah.