 What is classification?
 Phylogeny
 Binomial Nomenclature
 Dichotomous Keys

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Whenever you place similar items together, you are classifying them.
Look at the images on the next page.
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What do they have in common?
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How many different ways can you divide these flying things into groups?
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Choose a method to classify these objects. Start with 2 headings and then subdivide each group.

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The evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Used today to classify organisms into 6 Kingdoms:
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
Plantae (Plants) –complex multicellular cells, autotrophic (make own food) by photosynthesis
Animalia (Animals) – complex multicellular cells, heterotrophic (eat other organisms)
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Fungi – complex multicellular cells, decomposer, ex. Mushrooms, mold, & mildew-heterotrophs
(Protistia) Protists – complex unicellular, ex. Algae, some are autotrophic and some are heterotrophic
Archaebacteria – one celled, live in extreme environments –autotrophic by chemosythesis
Eubacteria – one celled, most bacteria-some autotrophic and some heterotrophic

Domain
Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Pneumonic Device: Did King Phillip count only five green socks?

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Domain is the largest category: Archaea, Bacteria, or Eukarya
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Kingdom is the next largest category and then it gets subdivided into smaller and smaller groups.
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Species is the smallest group - only organisms that are the same species and can mate & produce fertile offspring

Domain
Kingdom
Order
Eukarya
Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Perissodactyla Perissodactyla Proboscidea
Family
Genus
Equidae
Equus species grevyi
Common
Name Zebra
Equidae
Equus caballus
Horse
Elephantidae
Elephas maximus
Elephant
Eukarya
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Dictyoptera
Cryptocercidae
Cryptocercus punctulatus
Cockroach

 Which two organisms on the previous slide are most closely related?
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Which are more closely related, the horse and cockroach or horse and elephant?

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Two word naming system. The first word is the genus. A genus is a group of similar species. The second word is the species.
Example: Maple trees are in the genus Acer. There are many kinds of maple trees, so they have a species name also.
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Acer rubrum – Red Maple
Acer saccharum – Sugar Maple

 Helps avoid mistakes.
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Example: Lizards
Green Iguana (Iguana Iguana)
(Myska)
Desert Iguana ( Disposaurus doralis )
(Seaman)

• Organisms with similar evolutionary histories are classified together.
– Question: Look at the names of these organisms.
Which are more closely related?
• Panthera onca
• Lynx rufus
• Panthera tigris
• Puma concolor jaguar bobcat tiger cougar

 Gives descriptive information about the species.
 Example: Acer rubrum – Red Maple. Rubrum is Latin for red.
 Allows information about organisms to be easily organized into books, pamphlets, etc.

List, in order, the 8 categories used to classify a single organism?

• Detailed list of identifying characteristics and scientific names

• PART TWO – A CLOSER LOOK INTO THE ANIMAL
KINGDOM

• Annelida
• Arthropoda
• Chordata
• Cnidaria
• Echinodermata
• Mollusca
• Nematoda
• Porifera

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Bilateral symmetry
Uniformly segmented body
Parapodia – fleshy “legs”
Bristles
Examples: earthworms, bristle worms, leeches

Bristle Worm (Read)

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Bilateral symmetry
Segmented body
Hard exoskeleton
Jointed legs
Examples: insects, spiders, crustaceans

(Sparks, 2007)
(FreeDigitalPhotos.net, no date)
(NOAA, 2005)

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Bilateral symmetry
Have or had a tail
Notochord
Embryonic gill slits
Examples: vertebrates, sea squirts

(Elasmodiver.com, no date)
(Hicker, 2008)
(Fireflower
Systems Limited, no date)

• Radial symmetry
• Ring of tentacles around mouth
• Stinging cells
• Examples: jellyfish, sea anemones, coral
(Muller, 2001)

(Chpt. 10)
(BBC)

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Five part radial symmetry
Tube feet
Spiny skin
Examples: sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars

(Zubi, 2003)
(Zubi, 2005)
(Ditchburn, no date)

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Bilateral symmetry
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Have or had a shell

Soft bodied with a muscular “foot”
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Examples: snails, slugs, bivalves, squid, octopus

(Huston, no date)
(Zander, 2007)
(Xylem Elements, 2008)

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Bilateral symmetry
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Round, unsegmented body
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Cuticle
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Example: round worms, hook worms, pin worms

(Myers, 2001)

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Asymmetrical or radial symmetry

Have many pores

Made up of a group of cells that have aggregated but do not form tissues

Example: Sponges

(Missouri Botanical Garden,
2002)


 c.
a.
b.
d.
Sketch an organism with bilateral symmetry and one with radial symmetry. Draw the lines of symmetry over your sketch.
Which of the following is an animal?
Mushroom
Spider
Maple tree
Bacteria

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Visual of types of symmetry http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article// arthropods_04

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BBC. Coral . Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/pictures/galleries/newsid_1842000/1842534.stm
Chpt. 10: Sponges, Cnidarians, & Worms. Jellyfish.
Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://ez002.k12.sd.us/Chapter%20Ten%20Science.htm
Daniel, L., Ortleb, E., Feather, R.M., Rillero, P., Leach Snyder, S., & Zike, D. (2005). Indiana Science: Grade 7 .
New York: Glencoe.
Ditchburn, Derrick. (no date). Sea urchin shell . Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.dereila.ca/dereilaimages/Marine.html
Elasomodiver.com. (no date). Sea Squirt . Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.elasmodiver.com/BCMarinelife/BCML%20Urochordata.htm
Fireflower Systems Limited. (no date). Mountain Goat . Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.fireflower.ca/page_envi_case2.php?lang=en
FreeDigitalPhotos.net. (no date). Butterfly . Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/details.php?gid=63&sgid=&pid=202
Indiana’s Academic Standards Resource. (2003). That’s Classified . Indiana Department of Education. 171-
176.
Hicker, Rolf. (2008). Bald Eagle . Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.travel.hickerphoto.com/bird_watching_eagles.jsp
Huston, Turner. Squid.
Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://students.umf.maine.edu/~hustontf/squid.html
Jaikaran, S. (2007). Spongebob Squarepants . Online Image. Message posted to http://www.shivanjaikaran.com/blog/?m=200707
Missouri Botanical Garden. (2002). Sponge . Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/coral/animals/sponges.htm

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Muller, Michael. (2001). Animal Diversity: Form and Function . Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/animaldiversity.htm
Myers, P. (2001). Nematoda 1 & 2 . Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nematoda.html
Myska, Petr. (no date). Green Iguana . Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.vivanatura.org/Iguana%20iguana%20ExtraPhotos.html
NOAA (2005). Crab . Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/islands01/log/sep29/media/crab.html
Read, Geoffrey. (no date). Bristle Worm . Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/SeaLife/MarineAnimalsWithoutBackbones/3/ENZ-Resources/Standard/1/en
Seaman, Richard. (no date). Desert Iguana . Online Image. Retrieved from http://www.richardseaman.com/Reptiles/Usa/Nevada/ValleyOfFire/index.html
Secondary Science Program: Rhode Island College. (No date). The Six Kingdoms . Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm
Sparks, Matthew. (2007). Bee . Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/05/bigcity_bees.php
Xylem Elements. (2008). Slug . Online Image. Message posted to http://www.xylemelements.com/blog/?m=200803
Zander, Jon. (2007). Bivalve. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Unknown_Bivalve.JPG
Zubi, Teresa. (2003). Seastar.
Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.starfish.ch/cinvertebrates/seesterne.html
Zubi, Teresa. (2005). Sea Urchin . Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.starfish.ch/cinvertebrates/seesterne.html