AP Biology
Lab Review
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BIG IDEA 3: GENETICS AND
INFORMATION TRANSFER
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
 Concepts:
Cell Cycle (G1  S  G2  M)
 Control of cell cycle (checkpoints)

 Cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
 Crossing over  genetic diversity
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
 Description:
Model mitosis & meiosis (pipecleaners, beads)
 How environment affects mitosis of plant roots

 Lectin - proteins secreted by fungus
 Root stimulating powder
 Count # cells in interphase, mitosis
Observe karyotypes (cancer, mutations)
 Meiosis & crossing over in Sordaria (fungus)
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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Abnormal karyotype = Cancer
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Meiosis: Crossing over in Prophase I
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
 Observed crossing over in fungus (Sordaria)

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Arrangement of ascospores
Sordaria Analysis
total crossover
% crossover =
total offspring
distance from
=
centromere
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% crossover
2
Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation
Concepts:
 Transformation: uptake of foreign DNA from
surroundings
 Plasmid = small ring of DNA with a few genes
 Replicates separately from bacteria DNA
 Can carry genes for antibiotic resistance
 Genetic engineering: recombinant DNA = pGLO
plasmid
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Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation
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Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation
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Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation
 Conclusions:
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Foreign DNA inserted using vector (plasmid)
Ampicillin = Selecting agent
 No transformation = no growth on amp+ plate
Regulate genes by transcription factors (araC protein)
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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
 Concepts:
Restriction Enzymes
 Cut DNA at specific locations
 Gel Electrophoresis
 DNA is negatively charged
 Smaller fragments travel faster

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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
 Description
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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
 Determine DNA fragment sizes
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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
 Conclusions:
Restriction enzymes cut at specific
locations (restriction sites)
 DNA is negatively charged
 Smaller DNA fragments travel faster than
larger fragments
 Relative size of DNA fragments can be
determined by distance travelled
 Use standard curve to calculate size

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BIG IDEA 4: INTERACTIONS
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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
 Concepts:
Energy from sunlight  drives photosynthesis
(store E in organic compounds)
 Gross Productivity (GPP) = energy captured
 But some energy is used for respiration (R)
 Net primary productivity (NPP) = GPP – R
 Energy flows! (but matter cycles)
 Producers  consumers
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Biomass = mass of dry weight
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
Pyramid of Energy
Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Numbers
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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
 Description:

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Brassica (cabbage)  cabbage white
butterfly larvae (caterpillars)
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
 Measuring Biomass:
Cabbage  mass lost
 Caterpillar  mass gained
 Caterpillar frass (poop)  dry mass

Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
 Conclusions:
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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
 Conclusions:
Energy is lost (respiration, waste)
 Conservation of Mass
 Input = Output

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Lab 11: Transpiration
 Concepts:
Transpiration
 Xylem
 Water potential
 Cohesion-tension hypothesis
 Stomata & Guard cells
 Leaf surface area & # stomata vs. rate of
transpiration

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Lab 11: Transpiration
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Lab 11: Transpiration
 Description:
Determine relationship between leaf surface
area, # stomata, rate of transpiration
 Nail polish  stomatal peels
 Effects of environmental factors on rate of
transpiration
 Temperature, humidity, air flow (wind),
light intensity

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Analysis of Stomata
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Rates of Transpiration
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Lab 11: Transpiration
 Conclusions:
transpiration:  wind,  light
 transpiration:  humidity
 Density of stomata vs. transpiration
 Leaf surface area vs. transpiration

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Lab 12: Animal Behavior
 Concepts:

Experimental design
 IV, DV, control, constants
 Control vs. Experimental
 Hypothesis
innate vs. learned behavior
 choice chambers
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temperature
humidity
light intensity
salinity
other factors
Lab 12: Animal Behavior
 Description:

Investigate relationship between
environmental factors vs. behavior
 Betta fish agonistic behavior
 Drosophila (fruit fly) behavior
 Pillbug kinesis
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Lab 12: Animal Behavior
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Lab 12: Animal Behavior
 Hypothesis Development
Poor:
I think pillbugs will move toward the wet
side of a choice chamber.
 Better:
If pillbugs are randomly placed on two
sides of a wet/dry choice chamber and
allowed to move about freely for
10 minutes, then more pillbugs will be
found on the wet side because they
prefer moist environments.

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Lab 12: Animal Behavior
 Experimental Design
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sample size
Lab 12: Animal Behavior
 Data Analysis:
Chi-Square Test
 Null hypothesis: there is no difference
between the conditions
 Degrees of Freedom = n-1
 At p=0.05, if X2 < critical value  accept null
hypothesis (any differences between observed
and expected due to CHANCE)

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Lab 13: Enzyme Activity
 Concepts:

Enzyme
 Structure (active site, allosteric site)
 Lower activation energy
Substrate  product
 Proteins denature (structure/binding site
changes)

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Lab 13: Enzyme Activity
 Description:

Determine which factors affecting rate of
enzyme reaction
H2O2  H2O + O2
 Measure rate of O2 production

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catalase
Turnip peroxidase  Color change (O2 produced)
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Lab 13: Enzyme Activity
 Conclusions:

Enzyme reaction rate affected by:
 pH (acids, bases)
 Temperature
 Substrate concentration
 Enzyme concentration
Calculate Rate of Reaction
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Any Questions??
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