THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
4th partial
8th grade
Evaluation
• Project : 20pts.
• P PP: 15pts.
• Poster: 15 pts.
• quiz: 10 pts.
• Cooking lab: 10 pts
• Exam
30
The Male Reproductive System
The organs of the male reproductive system
are specialized for the following functions:
• To produce, maintain and transport sperm
(the male reproductive cells) and
protective fluid (semen)
• To discharge sperm into the female
reproductive tract
• To produce and secrete male sex hormones
The human male reproductive system (or
male genital system) consists of a number
of sex organs that are a part of the human
reproductive process. These sex organs are
located outside the body.
The main male sex organs are:
• the penis and the testes which produce
semen and sperm.
When there is sexual intercourse it fertilizes an
ovum in the female body and the fertilized
ovum (zygote) gradually develops into a fetus,
which is later born as a child.
• The male reproductive anatomy includes
internal and external structures.
• What are the external reproductive structures?
Most of the male reproductive system is located outside of
the man’s body : the penis, the scrotum and the testicles.
• Penis — is the male organ for sexual
intercourse. It has three parts:
a.Root attached to the wall
of the abdomen
• b.Body, or shaft
• c.Glans, called the head of the
Penis covered with a loose layer of skin
called foreskin. (This skin is sometimes
removed in a procedure called
circumcision.)
The opening of the urethra, the tube that transports semen and
urine, is at the tip of the glans penis. The penis also contains a
number of sensitive nerve endings.
• The body of the penis is cylindrical in shape and consists of
three internal chambers. These chambers are made up of
special, sponge-like erectile tissue. This tissue contains
thousands of large spaces that fill with blood when the man is
sexually aroused. As the penis fills with blood, it becomes
rigid and erect, which allows for penetration during sexual
intercourse. The skin of the penis is loose and elastic to
accommodate changes in penis size during an erection.
• Testicles (testes) — The testes are oval organs about the size
of large olives that lie in the scrotum, secured at either end by
a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men have two
testes.
• The testes are responsible for making s, the primary male sex
hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are
coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These
tubules are responsible for producing the sperm cells through
a process called spermatogenesis.
• Epididymis — The epididymis is a long, coiled tube
that rests on the backside of each testicle. It
functions in the transport and storage of the sperm
cells that are produced in the testes. It also is the
job of the epididymis to bring the sperm to
maturity, since the sperm that emerge from the
testes are immature and incapable of fertilization.
During sexual arousal, contractions force the sperm
into the vas deferens.
Vas deferens and Ejaculatory Ducts
• Vas deferens — The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that
travels from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just
behind the bladder. The vas deferens transports mature
sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.
• Ejaculatory ducts — These are formed by the fusion of the
vas deferens and the seminal vesicles. The ejaculatory ducts
empty into the urethra.
•
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to
outside of the body. In males, it has the additional function of
expelling (ejaculating) semen when the man reaches orgasm.
When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is
blocked from the urethra.
• Seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas
deferens near the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles
produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides sperm with
a source of energy and helps with the sperms’ motility (ability
to move).
• Prostate gland — The prostate gland is
a walnut-sized structure that is located
below the urinary bladder in front of
the rectum. The prostate gland
contributes additional fluid to the
sperm. Prostate fluids also help to
nourish it.
• How does the male reproductive system
function?
The entire male reproductive system is
dependent on hormones, which are chemicals
that stimulate or regulate the activity of cells
or organs. The primary hormones involved in
the functioning of the male reproductive
system are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone.
The human female reproductive system (or female genital system)
Contains two main parts: the uterus,
which hosts the developing fetus, produces
vaginal and uterine secretions, and
the ovaries, which produce the
egg cells. These parts are internal.
The vagina meets the external organs at the vulva,
which includes the labia, clitoris and
urethra.
The vagina is attached to the
uterus through the cervix, while the uterus
is attached to the ovaries via the Fallopian
tubes. At certain intervals, the ovaries release
an ovum, which passes through the Fallopian tube
into the uterus.
• If, in this transit, it meets with sperm, the
sperm penetrate and merge with the egg,
fertilizing it. The fertilization usually occurs in
the oviducts, but can happen in the uterus
itself. The zygote then implants itself in the
wall of the uterus.
• When developed enough to survive outside
the womb, the cervix dilates and contractions
of the uterus propel the fetus through the
birth canal, which is the vagina.
• Uterus
• The uterus or womb is the major female
reproductive organ of humans. The uterus
provides mechanical protection, nutritional
support, and waste removal for the
developing embryo (weeks 1 to 8) and fetus
(from week 9 until the delivery). In addition,
contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus
are important in pushing out the fetus at the
time of birth.
• The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo,
develops into a fetus and gestates until
childbirth. If the egg does not embed in the
wall of the uterus, an anatomically female
person begins menstruation and the egg is
flushed away.
• Oviducts
• The Fallopian tubes or oviducts are two tubes
leading from the ovaries into the uterus.
• On maturity of an ovum it enters the Fallopian
Tubes. There it travels toward the uterus. This
trip takes hours or days.
• Ovaries
• The ovaries are small, paired organs.
• These organs are responsible for the
production of the ova and the secretion of
hormones. The process by which the ovum is
released is called ovulation
• CONTRACEPTIVES
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The different methods of contraception include:1,2
Barrier methods
Hormonal methods
Emergency contraception
Intrauterine methods
Sterilization
Barrier Methods
Prevent sperm from entering the uterus.These are removable.
Types of barrier methods include:
• Male condoms : a thin sheath that covers the penis to collect
sperm and prevent it from entering the woman's body.
• Female condoms :These are thin, flexible plastic pouches. A
portion of the condom is inserted into a woman's vagina before
intercourse to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
• Diaphragms : a shallow, flexible cup made of latex or soft rubber
inserted into the vagina blocking sperm from entering the uterus.
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• Hormonal Methods
Hormones stop ovulation and prevent
pregnancy. Hormones can be introduced into
the body through various methods, including
pills, injections, skin patches, gels, vaginal
rings, intrauterine systems. These pills can
prevent ovulation; thicken cervical mucus,
which helps block sperm from reaching the
egg.
• Combined oral contraceptives ("the
pill"). Contain different combinations of the
synthetic HORMONES and are given to
interfere with ovulation.
• Contraceptive patch This is a thin, plastic
patch that sticks to the skin and releases
hormones through the skin into the
bloodstream.
• Injectable birth control
• Vaginal rings. The ring is thin, flexible, and
approximately 2 inches in diameter. It delivers
a combination of synthetic hormones. The
ring is inserted into the vagina, where it
continually releases hormones.
• Intrauterine Methods
• An IUD is a small, T-shaped device that is
Inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy
• A copper IUD releases a small amount of
copper into the uterus, causing an
inflammatory reaction that prevents sperm
from reaching and fertilizing the egg.
• A hormonal IUD releases a progestin hormone
into the uterus. The released hormone causes
thickening of the cervical mucus, inhibits
sperm from reaching the egg.
Sterilization
• Tubal ligationis a surgical procedure in which a
doctor cuts, ties, or seals the fallopian tubes. This
procedure blocks the path between the ovaries
and the uterus. The sperm cannot reach the egg
to fertilize it, and the egg cannot reach the
uterus.
• Vasectomy is a surgical procedure that cuts,
closes, or blocks the vas deferens .This procedure
blocks the path between the testes and the
urethra .The sperm cannot leave the testes and
cannot reach the egg.
TUBAL LIGATION
Eating disorders
ANOREXIA
• Many people with anorexia nervosa see themselves
as overweight, even when they are clearly
underweight.
• Eating, food, and weight control become obsessions.
They weigh themselves repeatedly, portion food
carefully, and eat very small quantities of only certain
foods. Some others engage in binge(excessive) eating
followed by extreme dieting, excessive exercise, selfinduced vomiting, or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or
enemas.
• Consequences are damaging and can lead to
death.
ANOREXIA SYMPTOMS
• Extremely low body weight
• Severe food restriction
• Relentless pursuit of thinness and unwillingness
to maintain a normal or healthy weight
• Intense fear of gaining weight
• Distorted body image and self-esteem that is
heavily influenced by perceptions of body weight
and shape, or a denial of the seriousness of low
body weight
• Lack of menstruation among girls and women.
ANOREXIA DAMAGES
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Thinning of the bones (osteoporosis)
Brittle hair and nails
Dry and yellowish skin
Mild anemia, muscle wasting, and weakness
Severe constipation
Low blood pressure, or slowed breathing and pulse
Damage of the heart
Brain damage
Multi-organ failure
Drop in internal body temperature, feeling cold all the time
Lethargy, or feeling tired all the time
Infertility
TREATMENT
• Having regular counseling sessions with a
psychologist
• A doctor
• A dietitian
• A hospital stay is needed for those who are
seriously underweight or who have severe
medical problems.
• Group therapy
BULIMIA
• People with bulimia nervosa have frequent episodes of
eating unusually large amounts of food and feel a lack of
control . This binge eating is followed by behavior that
compensates for the overeating such as forced vomiting,
excessive use of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, excessive
exercise, or a combination of these behaviors.
• Unlike anorexia nervosa, people with bulimia nervosa
usually maintain what is considered a healthy or normal
weight, while some are slightly overweight. But like people
with anorexia nervosa, they often fear gaining weight, want
desperately to lose weight, and are intensely unhappy with
their body size and shape. Usually, bulimic behavior is done
secretly. The binge eating and purging cycle can happen
anywhere from several times a week to many times a day.
CONSEQUENCES
• Chronically inflamed and sore throat
• Swollen salivary glands in the neck and jaw area
• Worn tooth enamel and decaying teeth as a
result of exposure to stomach acid
• Acid reflux disorder and other gastrointestinal
problems
• Severe dehydration
• Electrolyte imbalance—too low or too high levels
of sodium, calcium, potassium, and other
minerals that can lead to a heart attack or stroke.
Alcoholism
• Alcoholism is a chronic and often progressive
disease that includes problems controlling
your drinking, being preoccupied with alcohol,
continuing to use alcohol even when it causes
problems, having to drink more to get the
same effect (physical dependence).
CAUSES
• Genes - There are specific genetic factors
which may make some people more likely to
become addicted to alcohol, or other
substances. People who have a family history
of addiction are at higher risk for abusing
alcohol.
• The age of first alcoholic drink : People who
started drinking at 15 are more likely to have
alcoholic problems when adults.
• Easy access - there is a correlation between easy access to
alcohol (cheap prices) and alcohol abuse and alcoholrelated deaths.
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• Stress - If our levels of stress, anxiety are high some of us
may consume alcohol in an attempt to blank out this.
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• Peer drinking - people who have friends who drink
regularly or abuse alcohol are more likely to drink
excessively and eventually have an alcohol problem.
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• Depression - people with depression may use
alcohol as a means of self-treatment. But
alcohol abuse may lead to depression risk.
Low self esteem
effects
• Brain:
Alcohol interferes with the brain’s communication
pathways, and can affect the way the brain looks and
works. These disruptions can change mood and behavior.
• Heart:
Drinking a lot over a long time or too much on a single
occasion can damage the heart, causing problems
including:
• Cardiomyopathy – Stretching and drooping of heart muscle
• Arrhythmias – Irregular heart beat
• Stroke
• High blood pressure
• Liver:
Heavy drinking affects the liver, and can lead to a variety of problems and
liver inflammations including:
• Steatosis, or fatty liver
• Alcoholic hepatitis
Fibrosis
Cirrhosis
• Pancreas:
Alcohol causes the pancreas to produce toxic substances that can
eventually lead to pancreatitis, a dangerous inflammation and swelling of
the blood vessels in the pancreas that prevents proper digestion.
• Cancer:
Drinking too much alcohol can increase your risk of developing certain
cancers, including cancers of the:
• Mouth
Esophagus
Throat
Liver
Breast
• Immune System:
Drinking too much can weaken your immune system, making your body a
much easier target for disease. Chronic drinkers are more liable to
contract diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis than people who do
not drink too much.
Muscles and bones :
• Drinking puts you at increased risk of
osteoporosis (thinning bones) and bone
fractures.
Sexual and reproductive health:
• Erectile dysfunction is a common side effect of
alcohol abuse in men. It can also inhibit hormone
production, affect testicular function, and cause
infertility.
• Excessive drinking can cause a woman to stop
menstruating and become infertile. It also can
increase her risk of miscarriage, premature
delivery. Alcohol has a huge effect on fetal
development.
Sexually transmitted diseases
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are
infections that you can get from having sex with
someone who has the infection. The causes of
STDs are bacteria, parasites and viruses. There
are more than 20 types of STDs, including
• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhea
• Genital herpes
• HIV/AIDS
• HPV
• Syphilis
• Trichomoniasis
• Most STDs affect both men and women. If a
pregnant woman has an STD, it can cause
serious health problems for the baby.
• If you have an STD caused by bacteria or
parasites, it can be treated with antibiotics or
other medicines.
• If you have an STD caused by a virus, there is
no cure. Sometimes medicines can keep the
disease under control.
• Correct usage of latex condoms greatly
reduces, but does not completely eliminate,
the risk of catching or spreading STDs.
HIV-AIDS
• HIV stands for the "human immunodeficiency
virus.“ It is a virus that infects human being
and leads to problems with their immune
system. The immune system is the body's
system for fighting disease.
• As HIV infection progresses, there is damage
to immune defense cells and the body
becomes less able to fight off infection