Toll-like receptors on phagocytes are directly
involved in this stage of phagocytosis
m
at
de
io
pe
n
nd
en
tk
ill
in
g
At
ta
ch
m
en
t
el
im
in
at
io
n
ef
or
so
so
m
Ox
yg
en
Ph
ag
ol
y
os
om
e
fo
rm
at
io
n
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Ph
ag
A. Phagosome
formation
B. Phagolysosome
formation
C. Oxygen dependent
killing
D. Attachment
E. elimination
Which is true about interferons?
A. Type stimulates cells to
produce antiviral proteins
B. Rabbit interferon can
protect human cells from
viral infection
C. Type II includes alpha and
beta forms
D. The antiviral interferons
are prophylactic not
threapeutic
li
ea
Th
s.
..
nt
er
fe
ro
n
an
.. .
nt
iv
ira
nc
lu
de
sa
lp
ha
ca
n
Ty
pe
II
i
ti
bb
i
Ra
Ty
pe
st
im
ul
a
nt
er
fe
ro
n
te
sc
el
ls
to
pr
...
.. .
25% 25% 25% 25%
This complement pathway is stimulated by mannose sugars which are
uncommon in human cells but typically found on bacterial cells:
at
ive
te
rn
Al
ss
ic a
25%
in
25%
pr
op
er
id
25%
l
25%
Cl
a
Lectin
Classical
Alternative
properidin
Le
ct
in
A.
B.
C.
D.
Signs of this process include redness,
heat, swelling, and pain
A. Complement
cascade
B. Inflammation
C. Phagocytosis
D. Type I interferon
E. Type II interferon
nt
er
fe
ro
n
II
i
pe
Ty
pe
Ii
nt
er
fe
ro
n
sis
n
Ph
ag
m
at
io
m
In
fla
oc
yt
o
Ty
Co
m
pl
em
en
tc
as
ca
de
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Inflammatory cytokines can contribute
to all of these processes except:
Blood vessel dilation
Vasoconstriction
Chemotaxis
Pain
Leukocyte
extravasation
(diapedesis)
at
io
n
...
Pa
in
is
ot
ax
n
ee
xt
ra
va
s
Ch
em
ns
tri
ct
io
oc
o
Le
uk
o
cy
t
Va
s
oo
d
ve
ss
el
d
ila
tio
n
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Bl
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A parasite-infected red blood cell could not be
eliminated by a t-killer cell because:
A. The red blood cell lack
MHC I receptors
B. The red blood cell lacks
toll-like receptors
C. The T-killer is class II
MHC restricted
D. The T-killer cell is
unable to activate a Blymphocyte
er
c
ill
-k
eT
Th
le
...
el
li
las
sc
er
i
ill
-k
eT
Th
su
sI
IM
ac
ce
ll l
oo
d
bl
ed
er
Th
na
b
to
...
ks
kM
..
ac
ce
ll l
oo
d
bl
ed
er
Th
HC
. ..
25% 25% 25% 25%
Which of the following statement is
false?
A. There are less than 400
stem cell genes that code
for B-cell receptors
B. The heavy chain of a B-cell
receptor is coded for by
V,D,J, and C genes
C. Kappa and lambda are
types of heavy chains
D. A Lymphocyte can produce
more than one class of
antibody molecule
du
..
ca
n
te
m
ph
oc
y
la
d
A
Ly
an
pp
a
Ka
pr
o
t..
.
e
ar
bd
a
m
in
ha
eh
Th
Th
er
e
ar
el
ea
vy
c
es
s
th
a
n
of
a
40
0
Bc
s..
.
el
..
.
25% 25% 25% 25%
This cell can serve as an antigen
presenting cell:
20%
ov
e
d
ab
ft
he
lo
A
an
Al
lym
ph
oc
ce
lls
20%
B
20%
yt
e
20%
De
nd
r it
ic
ac
ro
ph
a
ge
20%
B-
Macrophage
Dendritic cells
B-lymphocyte
A and B
All of the above
M
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
20%
20%
20%
D
20%
A
20%
M
G
M
E
A
D
G
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
E
This class of antibody exits in two
forms: serum and secretory
B-lymphocytes that bind to Tindependent antigens
A. Cannot be stimulated to
produce antibody
B. Must react with T-helpers
to produce antibody
C. Cannot produce memory
cells
D. Only produce IG-G
antibody
od
y
.. .
ce
IG
-G
an
t ib
or
y
pr
od
u
pr
no
t
Ca
n
On
ly
od
uc
e
m
em
Tith
ea
ct
w
us
tr
M
Ca
n
no
t
be
sti
m
ul
at
ed
to
. ..
he
lp
er
...
25% 25% 25% 25%
Diapedesis is the
A. loss of blood due to
hemorrhaging.
B. production of only red
blood cells.
C. production of white
blood cells, red blood
cells, and platelets.
D. plugging of broken
vessels to stop bleeding.
E. migration of white
blood cells from the
blood out to the tissues.
w
of
io
n
ra
t
ig
m
oo
d.
..
. ..
hi
te
en
ro
k
fb
go
ug
gin
pl
bl
bl
te
hi
w
of
n
tio
pr
od
uc
ve
ss
el
oo
...
b.
..
ly
on
of
n
tio
pr
od
uc
lo
ss
o
fb
lo
od
du
e
to
re
d
he
m
. ..
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Which is incorrect about
inflammation?
B.
an
la
st
ho
Py
ur
ro
st
ge
o
ye
ns
ar
ca
C.
s.
us
Se
e
ro
va
to
so
ni
di
n
...
D.
ca
us
Fe
es
ve
rc
sm
ou
oo
E.
ld
..
Ba
be
so
be
ph
ne
ils
fic
an
i. .
d
m
as
tc
el
l..
.
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
It
c
A. It can last hours to
years.
B. Pyrogens cause
vasodilation and increased
capillary permeability.
C. Serotonin causes smooth
muscle contraction.
D. Fever could be beneficial
to inhibiting the pathogen.
E. Basophils and mast cells
release histamine.
Which is incorrect about
complement?
alt
er
na
t
ep
a.
..
ay
at
hw
In
vo
l
ve
sa
n
c la
ss
ic a
de
ve
sa
as
ca
In
vo
l
ac
n
lp
re
ac
t io
n
od
.. .
bl
o
th
e
n
Ac
ti
ea
ri
ap
p
On
ly
po
se
d
of
at
le
as
t2
6
...
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Co
m
A. Composed of at least 26
blood proteins
B. Only appear in the
blood during a response
to a pathogen
C. Act in a cascade
reaction
D. Involves a classical
pathway
E. Involves an alternate
pathway
Juan has influenza and has aches, pains and a fever. His mother, a physician,
tells him to take an antipyretic. What is she telling him to take?
...
in
e
ith
lik
w
te
a
He
rb
al
E.
ce
ta
m
in
op
he
n,
ist
tih
an
n
D.
A
C.
A
ld
ru
g,
lik
am
e.
..
...
er
yt
h
an
t iv
ir a
ike
,l
An
tic
B.
an
t ib
io
ho
ne
y
e
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
An
A. An antibiotic, like
erythromycin
B. An antiviral drug, like
Tamiflu
C. An antihistamine
D. Acetaminophen, like
Tylenol, or aspirin
E. Herbal tea with
honey
The contribution of B cells is mainly in
A. inflammation.
B. humoral immunity.
C. complement
activity.
D. cell mediated
immunity.
E. phagocytosis.
ce
ll m
pl
co
m
ed
i
em
en
t
ac
t iv
it y
at
.
ed
im
m
un
ity
.
ph
ag
oc
yt
os
is.
m
im
or
al
hu
m
in
fla
m
m
at
un
i
ty
.
io
n.
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Helper T cells
17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17%
se
fu
cr
nc
et
tio
e
an
n
in
tib
di
al
od
re
le
ct
ie
r
gic
ly
s.
de
r
ea
su
st
ct
ro
pp
...
yt
re
ar
ss
ge
im
tc
ac
m
el
tiv
un
ls .
at
e
e
r
e
B
ac
ce
t io
lls
ns
an
.
d
ot
he
r..
A. secrete antibodies.
B. function in allergic
reactions.
C. directly destroy target
cells.
D. suppress immune
reactions.
E. activate B cells and
other T cells.
Class II MHC genes code for
A. certain secreted
complement components.
B. self receptors recognized
by natural killer cells.
C. all HLA antigens.
D. receptors located
primarily on
macrophages, dendritic
cells, and B cells.
E. All of the choices are
correct.
se
lf
ce
rta
in
se
cr
et
ed
re
co
ce
m
pt
pl
or
e.
sr
..
ec
og
ni
ze
re
a
ll H
ce
d.
..
pt
L
A
or
a
sl
nt
Al
oc
ige
lo
a
te
ns
ft
d
he
.
p
r im
ch
oi
ar
ce
i..
sa
re
co
r..
.
17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17%
The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is very
different from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the
n.
hi
ng
e
re
gi
re
gio
lig
ht
nt
r
co
ns
ta
20%
on
.
20% 20%
on
.
eg
io
jo
i
ni
n
gr
re
gio
bl
e
20%
n.
n.
20%
eg
i
variable region.
joining region.
constant region.
light region.
hinge region.
va
r ia
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
T cell response to T-cell-dependent
antigens requires
A. typically a protein
antigen.
B. binding of T cell to a
Class II MHC receptor on
an antigen-presenting
cell.
C. binding of T cell to a site
on the antigen.
D. interleukin-1 activating
the T helper cell.
E. All of the choices are
correct.
fT
in
bi
nd
i
ng
o
ng
o
nd
i
bi
ss
ce
...
ll t
te
r le
o
a
uk
sit
in
e.
1
Al
.
a
lo
ct
iv
ft
at
he
in
ch
g.
oi
..
ce
sa
re
co
r..
.
o
fT
ce
ll t
te
in
pr
o
a
ly
ca
l
ty
pi
a
an
Cl
a
tig
en
.
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
An example of artificial passive
immunity would be
A.
a.
ch
..
oi
ce
sa
re
. ..
at
er
n
...
un
e
th
e
of
No
ne
ac
qu
ir i
ng
m
m
im
a
fe
tu
s
pe
rs
on
cin
gi
vin
ga
ac
en
po
xv
ch
ic k
en
po
xi
nf
ec
tio
n
et
is
r ig
ge
..
fo
...
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
ch
ic k
chickenpox infection is
followed by lifelong
immunity.
B. chickenpox vaccine triggers
extended immunity to
chickenpox.
C. giving a person immune
serum globulins to
chickenpox virus after
exposure to the disease.
D. a fetus acquiring maternal IgG
to the chickenpox virus across
the placenta.
E. None of the choices are
correct.
ty
20%
se
ns
it i
vit
y
20%
sp
ec
ifi
ci
20%
tio
ita
at
io
ag
gl
ut
in
tio
re
ac
20%
n
ns
20%
pr
ec
ip
cross-reactions
agglutination
precipitation
specificity
sensitivity
cr
os
s-
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
n
Soluble antigens are detected in this
type of test:
A serum titer involves
A. serially diluting a serum
sample.
B. determining the lowest
dilution of serum that
produces a visible
reaction.
C. determining the highest
dilution of antigen that
produces a visible
reaction.
D. the Western blot method.
E. None of the choices are
correct.
se
r ia
lly
di
lu
de
t in
te
ga
rm
se
in
ru
in
m
gt
. ..
de
he
te
lo
rm
we
in
st
in
d.
gt
..
th
he
e
h
W
igh
es
es
te
t.
rn
No
..
b
ne
lo
t
of
m
et
th
ho
e
ch
d.
oi
ce
sa
re
. ..
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Precipitation tests involve all the
following except
A.
they rely on formation of
visible clumps for detection.
B. they include the VDRL test for
syphilis.
C. they are often performed in
agar gels.
D. they can be done in a test
tube by carefully adding
antiserum over antigen
solution.
E. a cloudy or opaque zone
developing where antigen
and antibody react
at
op
aq
ue
in
ne
or
ud
y
clo
a
zo
ne
...
es
. ..
..
ed
do
be
pe
rf o
rm
th
ey
c
re
th
ey
a
an
VD
RL
of
te
n
th
e
lu
de
nc
th
ey
i
th
ey
r
el
y
on
fo
rm
at
io
n
of
. ..
te
s..
.
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
When serum proteins are separated by electrophoresis and then antibodies
specific for the serum proteins are placed in a parallel trough in order to form
reaction arcs for each protein, the test is called
A. Ouchterlony double
diffusion.
B. Western blot.
C. immunelectrophoresis
D. ELISA
Ou
ch
ISA
EL
op
ho
r
es
is
ot
.
bl
m
un
el
ec
tr
W
es
te
rn
im
te
r lo
ny
d
ou
b
le
di
ffu
. ..
25% 25% 25% 25%
Viral hemagglutination testing
A.
uses a red blood cell that
naturally reacts with viral
antigens.
B. analyzes patient serum for
specific antibodies to a virus.
C. has hemagglutination if the
patient serum lacks virus
specific antibodies.
D. is used to diagnosis viral
diseases such as rubella and
mononucleosis.
E. All of the choices are correct.
Al
lo
ft
he
ch
.
co
r..
re
oi
ce
sa
no
sis
di
ag
to
us
ed
is
vi
n
at
io
tin
glu
ag
em
ha
sh
ra
l.
..
t..
if
m
se
ru
at
ie
nt
yz
es
p
an
al
us
es
a
re
d
bl
oo
d
ce
ll
th
a
t..
.
f. .
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
All of the following characterize the secondary
response to an antigen except
A. a higher titer of antibody
is produced than the
primary response.
B. a longer persistence of
antibody than with the
primary response.
C. a quicker rate of antibody
synthesis than the
primary response.
D. it is mostly IgM antibodies
that are produced.
E. it is also known as the
anamnestic response.
a
hi
g
he
rt
it e
ro
a
lo
fa
ng
nt
er
ib
od
pe
y.
rs
a
..
is t
qu
e
ick
nc
e
er
of
ra
a.
t
it
e
..
of
is
m
an
os
tib
t ly
od
Ig
.. .
M
it
an
is
al
tib
so
od
kn
ie
ow
...
n
as
th
e.
..
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Cytotoxic T cells
zy
m
es
a
nd
te
p.
r
le
Al
..
uk
lo
in
ft
-2
he
to
ch
s..
oi
.
ce
sa
re
co
r..
.
ar
g.
.
at
in
et
e
se
cr
et
e
gr
an
yf
or
ici
t
se
cr
ck
la
ul
a
te
sp
ec
if
B
ce
ll p
ro
lif
er
a
...
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
st
im
A. stimulate B cell
proliferation.
B. lack specificity for a
target cell.
C. secrete granzymes and
perforins that damage
target cells.
D. secrete interleukin-2 to
stimulate B and T cells.
E. All of the choices are
correct.
Monoclonal antibodies
A. originate from a
single B cell clone.
B. have a single
specificity for antigen.
C. are secreted by
hybridomas.
D. are used in
immunology lab tests
and cancer therapy.
E. All of the choices are
correct.
lo
co
r..
.
l..
oi
ce
sa
re
gy
ft
he
ch
un
ol
o
om
as
.
Al
eu
se
d
in
im
m
hy
br
id
ty
f. .
ar
ec
re
te
d
es
ar
by
pe
c if
ic i
in
gl
as
ha
ve
or
ig
in
at
ef
ro
m
es
a
sin
gle
B
ce
..
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus,
saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is
.
20%
Ig
M
20%
Ig
G.
.
20%
Ig
E
20%
Ig
D.
20%
.
IgA.
IgD.
IgE.
IgG.
IgM.
Ig
A
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Which process involves antibodies coating
microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?
A. Neutralization
B. Opsonization
C. Complement
fixation
D. Agglutination
E. Anamnestic
response
re
sp
on
se
ne
st
ic
ut
in
at
io
n
n
at
io
Ag
gl
An
am
Co
m
pl
em
en
t
f ix
za
t
Op
so
ni
Ne
ut
ra
liz
at
io
n
io
n
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Which is incorrect about the Fc region
of an antibody?
A.
It determines the antibody's
distribution in the body.
B. It forms the antigen binding
sites.
C. It contains an effector
molecule that can bind to
cells such as macrophages
and mast cells.
D. It contains an effector
molecule that can fix
complement.
E. It determines the class to
which the immunoglobulin
belongs.
st
he
or
m
It
f
It
d
et
er
m
in
es
t
he
an
t ib
od
an
y.
It
.
t ig
co
en
nt
ai
bi
ns
nd
a
i..
n
It
ef
co
fe
nt
ct
ai
or
ns
m
a
...
n
It
e
de
ff e
te
ct
rm
or
in
m
es
...
th
e
cla
ss
t..
.
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Superantigens are
A.
body tissues that the immune
system mistakes as foreign.
B. cell markers found in some
member of a species but not
in other members.
C. bacterial toxins that activate T
cells at a 100 times greater
rate than other antigens.
D. those that evoke allergic
reactions.
E. None of the choices are
correct.
ce
ll m
ar
bo
dy
tis
su
es
th
a
tt
he
ke
i..
.
rs
ba
fo
ct
un
er
d
ia
in
lt
so
ox
..
in
th
st
os
ha
e
th
ta
at
ct
ev
i..
No
.
ok
ne
e
all
of
er
th
gi
e
c. .
ch
.
oi
ce
sa
re
. ..
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%