V2.3
2007/2/26
高 啟清博士
Charles Kao, Ph.D
Tel: 02-2601-0700
Mobile: 0939-268-725 cckao@csun.com.tw

• Objectives:
– Understand history of modern electronic industry
– Importance of photolithography
1. Electronics Market Concept
2. Development of Communication Electronics
3. Development of Computers
4. Development of Semiconductor Industry
5. Development of Printed Circuit Board
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1. Computer & Business Equipment
2. Communication
3. Consumer electronics
4. Automobile
5. Instrumentation & Medical
6. Military & Aerospace
Reliability Issue!
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Source: Prismark, 2000
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th
•
Communication
•
Computer
– Telegraph
– Telephone
– Radio
– Wireless phone
• Mobile
• Cellular
– Internet
– Fiber optics
– Mechanical
– Vacuum tube based
– Transistor based
– Integrated Circuit based
– Main frame / Mini computer
– Microcomputer (PC)
– Networking
Evolution :
• From Analog to Digital
• More Mbits/sec
• Data comm & Voice comm to Video comm
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Evolution :
• Faster speed
• More function
• Lower cost

th
•
Consumer Electronics
– Audio
• Vacuum tube radio
• Transistor radio, AM, FM
• Walkman: Tape
• Discman: CD
• MP3: IC
– Video
• VCR
• Camcorder
• DSC
• Digital Video Recorder
Evolution :
• From Analog to Digital
• Increase media storage size
– Digital Audio/Video
• DAT, MD
• Compact disc
• VCD: MPEG1
• DVD: MPEG2
– Display
• Television: black/white
• Color TV
• PDP, LCD TV
– Others IAs
• Calculator
• Game console
• PDA, electronic paper,…
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Years Wave of Application Wafer Size
1980s Analog Walkman, VCR 150 mm
1990s Digital PC, NB
2000 Network Internet,
Cell phone
200 mm
300 mm iPod, Bluetooth, 2005 Portability &
2010 5 th
DSC, MP3,…
Connectivity wave Nano, medical ?
450 mm
?
2015 6 th wave ??
2020 7 th wave ???
??
675 mm
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Source: Prismark, 2000
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PCB accounts for 3~4% value of electronic equipment
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• Begin as simple
On/Off
– For info/
Data comm unication
– Using Fire: Barnfire 魔戒 烽火台
– Using electricity: Morse code, Telegraph w/ wire
– Using radio wave: Radio telegraph, w/o wire
• Analog era, more bandwidth
– For
Voice comm unication
– Using electric current, radio wave
• Voice communication: Radio, Telephone
• Video, Television
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• Combine Data & Voice & Video comm
– Telephone: w/ wire
– Radio: w/o wire
– Mobile: wireless
• Analog, 1978 AMPS,…
• Digital, 2G, 1982 GSM, PCS,…
• Digital w/ text, 2.5G, GPRS,…
• Digital w/ video, 3G
• Digital & Networking era
– Internet network
– Internet VOIP
– Wireless network
– Fiber optics network
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• 1729 Gray transmitted electricity over a wire.
• 1753 Morrison suggest electricity might transmit messages.
• 1820 Oersted discovered
Electromagnetism, 1821 Faraday on inductance, 1830 Henry transmit 1 st electric signal.
• 1837 Morse invented Telegraph, get patent in 1848.
• 1865 Maxwell predicted electromagnetic wave can be transmitted through air.
• 1886 Hertz made 1 st Radio Wave Transmission.
• 1896 Marconi made 1 st short range Radio.
• 1901 Marconi made 1 st transatlantic radio transmission.
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• Morse invent wired telegraph in 1837
• Apply for patent in 1838
• U.S Patent #6,420 granted in 1848
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• Guglielmo Marconi (1874~1937) filed British Patent #12039 on 2 nd of June, 1896
• 1897, formed Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company
• 1901 Dec 12, 1 st transatlantic radio
• Win 1909 Nobel prize in Physics
• 1912 Apr 14, the Titanic tragedy prompt more $ into radio research
• 1920, BBC begin broadcast
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• 1860 Philipp Reis develops a "telephon."
• 1876 Bell invented
Telephone, and receive patent
– American Bell Founded in 1877,
– Telephone patent expired in 1894, competitors mushrooms
– Bell renamed as AT&T in 1895
• Telephone call limited by signal decay over line
– Long distance telephone require signal boost
• 1898 J.J.Thomson discovered Electron.
• 1906 De Forest invented the
Vacuum Tube
– Named Audion, a triode
– 1911 AT&T bought patent
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• 1914/July AT&T made 1 st transcontinental telephone
– 3,400 miles, 3 boost stations, using vacuum tube as amplifier
– Jan/25, 1915, Bell call from New York to San Francisco
• 1927 AT&T made 1 st transatlantic telephone
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•
1900~20s Quantum Mechanics – the early years
– Planck, de Broglie, Schroedinger, Heidelberg, …
– Photon’s dual characteristics of wave and particle ,
Uncertainty principle
•
1930s~45 Semiconductor Study – the War years
– Study electrons in crystals as waves, some material conduct and not conduct electricity
– During WWII, Germanium rectifiers ( diode ) developed for radio and RADAR, to translate the reflected radio signal into the direct current to displayed on monitoring scope
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•
1945 Bell Lab establish the Solid State Physics group
– To study solid state amplifier
• 1947 1 st Point-Contact Transistor:
– Bell Lab, Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain
– On germanium and two gold point contacts
• 1948 1 st Junction Transistor
– Bell Lab, Shockley, P/N-junction
• 1948 Bell Lab get 2 patents for transistor
• 1951 Bell demonstrated 1 st working junction transistor
• 1956 Nobel prize to the 3 guys
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• 1951 Bell Lab license transistor patent
– To 26 companies: IBM, GE, TI, Sony,…at $25,000 each
• 1949 1 st commercial Transistor
– Raytheon CK703 point contract transistor
• 1954 1 st transistor Radio
– Regency TR1, use 4 germanium transistors
• 1954 1 st Silicon Transistor
– TI, Teal and others
• Transistor radio development
– Lead to Rock-&-roll era
– 1955 Sony make TR55 
Begin Japanese electronic dynasty
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• 1946 1 st commercial mobile phone (radio)
• 1962 1 st communication satellite Telstar launched
• 1979 1 st commercial cellular phone in Tokyo
• 1979~83 American AMPS, analog 1G
• 1982~91 European GSM, 2G
• 1983 TI release single chip
DSP
• 2000~ 3G
TI DSP
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st
• Motorola file a patent for Cellular Radio System in Oct 17, 1973
• Granted US patent #3,906,166 in Sep 16, 1975
Source: http://www.privateline.com/PCS/history.htm
Mobile telephone history
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• Why do so much Calculation
• In 18/19 century
Abacus
– Mathematic table: Log, Tri……
– Marine table, stars, insurance, engineering
Evolution :
• Faster speed
• More function
• Lower cost
• In 19/20 century
– British: Bank Clearing house,
Check exchange Accounting Office (1900)
– U.S.A.: Census Bureau, Population statistics
– Accounting: Book keeping: IBM, NCR
• 1944, Harvard Mark I
– 1 st Automatic calculating machine
– Mechanical parts.
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Adding Machine (1925)

Military Enigma Machine
• Enigma Machine: mechanical rotor wheels with electrical wiring connections
• Before WWII: Enigma
Ciphers machine developed by Lorenz for commercial use
• During WWII: German Army and Navy use Enigma to encrypt military messages.
– Up to 6 rotors added
• After WWII: diplomatic use
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• Polish Mathematician
Rejewski deduct the internal wiring of the wheels and enable cryptographers to build replicas of Enigma
Cyclometer
Enigma Replica
• Polish secret service use cyclometer to try out German daily message code settings
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• Must break the Enigma code to save Britain from
German submarine attack over the Atlantic.
– At 3 rotors, 26 3 =17,576 possible machine state
– With 6 wheels to choose, 6x17,576 = 105,456 states
– With 10-pair letters connect in plug board = 15x10 18 states
•
Need Great Calculating Power To Solve the Puzzle
• At Bletchley Park,
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• 1939 Ultra’s
Bombe ( 炸彈機 )
– Cambridge mathematician
Alan Turing
’s study break
German’s Enigma encryption code.
– Calculator with mechanical gears
• 1943
Colossus MK1
– Machine break Lorenz code in 1944
– Colossus computer has electrical wiring and optical reader, and can do logic operations.
– All 10 Colossus will dismantled and the design drawing burn in 1960
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Year Key Component
1G 51~58 Vacuum tube
Player
IBM, Univac
2G 59~64 Transistor IBM, CDC,GE
3G 65~74 Integrated circuit IBM, NCR
Apple, TI, HP 4G 75~89 LSI, 5/6”
5G 90~
VLSI, 8”
NEC, Compaq,
Clones
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• Moore School of EE, University of Pennsylvania
– 1935, BRL, Ballistics Research Laboratory, use desktop calculator to calculate firing table of Naval and Army guns
– 1943, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer) project begins
• 1 st Computer ENIAC
– 1945/Nov. complete
– 17,468
Vacuum Tube ,
Occupy 30x50 ft 2 room
– 5,000 addition/second
– Program: plug board & switches
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• 1945 A Draft Report on the
EDVAC
– Describe stored program computer
– EDVAC report inspires EDSAC, BINAC,
IAS, AVIDAC,…
• 1946, IBM SECC calculate scientific table
– 50 multiply/sec, w/ 12,500 vacuum tubes
• 1946~49, Cambridge, EDSAC
– 1 st stored program computer with vacuum tube
• 1947~49 Manchester MK I
– With vacuum tube
IBM SECC (1946)
EDSAC
Manchester Mark I
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MIT Whirlwind
• 1945~53, MIT develop Whirlwind I
– 125,000 Adds/sec, w/ magnetic core
– Lincoln laboratory
– Need a system to track incoming bombers and direct interceptor and gun fires at the target.
– Transfer to
IBM /SAGE (AN/FSQ-7)
SAGE (Semi-Automatic
Ground Environment (1956~63)
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SAGE Radar operator

• 1955
TRADIC (TRanisitorized Airborne DIgital
Computer )
– 1 st Transistor Computer
– Bell Lab, for US Air Forces for airborne use
– 700 point contact transistors ,
10,000 Germanium diodes, size only 3 ft 3
– 1,000,000 logic operation/second
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•
1958 1 st Integrated Circuit : T+R+C
– 1958 Texas Instrument / Kilby, did get patent
– 1959 Fairchild / Noyce, did not get patent
– Using photolithographic process to make ICs
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• Transistor and passive components on the same substrate
– Capacitor
+ npn transistor
+ Resistor
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• 1945 idea of FET: Bell Lab, Shockley
• 1960 1 st Field Effect Transistor
– Bell Lab, Atalla
– MOSFET is the basis of modern ICs
TI calculator
• 1962 IC for military use, 6 active device, US$50/pcs
• 1967 TI sold 1 st handheld calculator with IC
• 1971 Intel develop 4004, the 1 st Microprocessor with 4 bit
• 1972 1 st CMOS developed
– RCA, Medwin
Intel 4004
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• Scientific & Data Processing; FORTRAN, COBAL
UNIVAC I (1951)
Vacuum tube w/
Delay line memory
IBM 1401 (1960)
Transistor w/
Magnetic core memory
IBM 370 (1970)
Integrated circuit w/ RAM
IBM 704/705 (1955)
Vacuum tube w/
Magnetic core memory
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IBM 360 (1964)
Solid Logic Technology
Cray 1A (1976)
Super computer

DEC VAX 11/780 (1978)
DEC PDP-8 (1965)
1 st successful mini computer
SUN-1 (1982)
16 bit, 10MHz, 256K
SGI Iris (1988)
• More freedom, higher utilization, lower cost
• 1961 MIT Time sharing system
• 1964 Dartmouth time sharing system (DTSS)
• 1964 Dartmouth BASIC
• 1969~74 Bell Lab develop UNIX & C
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MITS Altair 8800 (1975)
Apple II (1977)
IBM PC (1981)
Apple Macintosh (1984)
• 1985 Intel released 80386 microprocessor
– Ramp-up Taiwan’s PC and IC industry
• 1985 Microsoft released Windows 1.0
– Graphics user interface, software industry
• 1990 Microsoft released Windows 3.0
• 1993 Intel released Pentium processor
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Intel’s
Moore predicted in 1965 that the number of transistors per integrated circuit would double every 18 months. 4004 has 2250, P4 has 42 million transistors in
2000.
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• Mr. Kasparov is the Chess world Champion
• IBM Deep Blue is the RS6000 system
• 1996 match: Kasparov beat Deep Blue 4-2
• 1997 rematch: Deep Blue beat Kasparov 3.5-2.5
Deep Blue
Two-Tower RS/6000SP
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• 1969 ARPAnet on line
• 1974 Telenet, 1979 USENET
• 1982 TCP/IP is standard for APRANET
• 1991 CERN release 1 st Web server
• 1991 US NSF approve Internet for commercial use
• 1992 US begins NII project put optical super highway
• Netscape vs. IE
• 2000, Internet bubble bursts
• Yahoo, Amazon, eBay, Google, Skype
• Napster: MP3
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