PRINCESS NOURA BINT ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY
PREPARATORY YEAR
SECOND SEMESTER (2014 – 2015 / 1435– 1436)
Computer skills (CMP-001)
MODULE :1
Information
Technology
Prepared by:
Reviewed and Approved by:
Ms. Mazna Khan
Ms. Sana Siraj
Ms. AzraJabeen
Presentation by:
(Director of IT Department)
Ms. Nour Hilal
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Table of Contents
Introduction to Computers ............................................................................................................ 8
Need of Computers ............................................................................................................... 8
What is Computer ................................................................................................................. 8
Data ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Information ........................................................................................................................... 8
Information Technology ....................................................................................................... 8
Advantages of Computers..................................................................................................... 8
Computer Performance ......................................................................................................... 9
Computer Generations .......................................................................................................... 9
TYPES OF COMPUTERS ......................................................................................................... 10
Super computer: .................................................................................................................. 10
Mainframe computers: ........................................................................................................ 10
Minicomputers: ................................................................................................................... 10
Microcomputer: .................................................................................................................. 10
Workstation Computer: ...................................................................................................... 10
Control Computer: .............................................................................................................. 11
PARTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER ......................................................................... 11
HARDWARE ..................................................................................................................... 12
Input devices ....................................................................................................................... 12
Output devices .................................................................................................................... 12
Central Processing Unit (CPU): ......................................................................................... 13
Storage Devices: ................................................................................................................. 13
Memory Devices:................................................................................................................ 14
SOFTWARE ....................................................................................................................... 15
System Software: ................................................................................................................ 15
Application Software: ......................................................................................................... 15
File Extensions.................................................................................................................... 17
NETWORKS .............................................................................................................................. 18
What is a Network? ............................................................................................................ 18
- Client: ............................................................................................................................. 19
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- Server: ............................................................................................................................ 19
- Resources ....................................................................................................................... 19
Benefits of Networks .......................................................................................................... 19
a.
Sharing of resources .................................................................................................... 19
b.
Exchanging information.............................................................................................. 19
Classification of Network ................................................................................................... 19
a.
According to Network’s Transport Media (wired and wireless). ............................... 19
b.
According to Network’s Geographical Media (LAN, MAN, WAN). ........................ 19
............................................................................................................................................. 20
c.
According to Network’s Management Media (Peer-to-Peer, Client-Server). ............ 20
FIELDS OF USING COMPUTERS IN OUR DAILY LIFE..................................................... 21
- Computers in Education ................................................................................................. 21
- Computers in Management: Computers increase company's performance in helping
with collecting data and producing reports......................................................................... 21
- Computers in Banks: ease the access for bank account through ATM. ........................ 21
- Computers in Medical Fields ......................................................................................... 21
- Computers in Pharmacy: Computers help in tracking pharmacy's storage system and
financial transactions. ......................................................................................................... 21
- Computers in Industry Field: ......................................................................................... 21
CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION ............................................................................................. 22
Tele-working:...................................................................................................................... 22
Advantages: ........................................................................................................................ 22
Disadvantages: .................................................................................................................... 22
E-Documents: ..................................................................................................................... 22
Advantages: ........................................................................................................................ 22
E-Commerce: ...................................................................................................................... 22
The Advantages of the E-Commerce: ................................................................................ 23
The Disadvantages of E-Commerce: .................................................................................. 23
SAFETY AND HEALTH........................................................................................................... 23
Right methods to deal with the computer: .......................................................................... 23
Health Problems which are caused by the wrong use of computers: ................................. 23
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROTECTION: ................................................................. 25
Information Security: .......................................................................................................... 25
VIRUS......................................................................................................................................... 25
1. Virus spreading ways: .................................................................................................... 25
2. Virus protection ways: ................................................................................................... 25
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Vocabulary
‫أجيال الحاسب‬
‫األنابيب المفرغة‬
‫الدوائر المتكاملة‬
‫الترانزستور‬
‫معالجة‬
‫العمليات المنطقية‬
‫معلومات‬
‫بيانات‬
‫فوائد‬
‫أداء‬
‫السرعة والدقة‬
‫الوحدات المادية‬
‫أجهزة االدخال‬
‫لوحة المفاتيح‬
‫الفأرة‬
‫الماسح الضــوئي‬
‫قارئ شريط الشيفرات‬
‫عصا التحكم‬
‫أجهزة االخراج‬
‫الشــاشة‬
‫السماعات‬
‫نص‬
‫الصور‬
‫الصوت‬
‫شاشة اللمس‬
‫وحدة المعالجة المركزية‬
‫وحدة التحكم‬
‫وحدة الحساب والمنطق‬
‫وحدة الذاكرة‬
‫تعليمات‬
‫ذاكــرة الوصول العشوائي‬
‫ذاكــرة القراءة فقط‬
‫ُمصنَّعة‬
‫الذاكرة المؤقتة‬
‫الذاكرة الدائمة‬
‫متطايرة – غير متطايرة‬
Computer Generations
Vacuum Tubes
Integrated Circuits
Transistors
Process
Logical Operations
Information
Data
Advantages
Performance
Speed And Accurate
Hardware
Input Devices
Keyboard
The Mouse
Scanner
Barcode Reader
Joystick
Output Devices
Monitor (Computer Screen )
Speaker/Head Phones
Text
Pictures
Voice
Touch Screen
Central Processing Unit
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
Memory Unit
Instructions
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Manufactured
Temporary Memory
Permanent Memory
Volatile–Non Volatile
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‫أجهزة التخزين‬
‫وحدة التخزين الرئيسية‬
‫وحدة التخزين الثانوية‬
‫وحدة تخزين داخلية‬
‫وحدة تخزين خارجية‬
‫القرص الصلب‬
‫القرص المضغوط‬
‫البرمجيات‬
‫برمجيات النظام‬
‫البرمجيات التطبيقية‬
‫برامج خدمية‬
)‫برامج تشغيل ( ُمشغّل‬
‫امتداد الملف‬
‫ملف تنفيذي‬
‫ملف مضغوط‬
‫التحقق‬
‫الرسوم البيانية‬
‫قواعد البيانات‬
‫تصميم‬
‫الصور المتحركة‬
‫الشبكات‬
‫مشاركة الموارد‬
‫الشبكات المحلية‬
‫الشبكات الموسعة‬
‫الشبكات اإلقليمية‬
‫العميل‬
‫الخـــادم‬
‫الموارد‬
‫األســالك‬
‫كرت الشبكــة‬
‫مساحة جغرافية‬
‫أمواج راديوية‬
‫الحقل الصناعي‬
‫الحقل الطبي‬
‫صنعي‬
ُ ‫الذكــــــــاء ال‬
‫التعليب‬
‫السباكة و اللحام‬
‫مكافحة الحرائق‬
Storage Device
Primary Storage
Secondary Storage
Internal Storage
External Storage
Hard Disk
CD –Compact Disk
Software
System Software
Application Software
Utilities
Drivers
File Extensions
Executable file
Compressed file
Verify
Charts
Database
Design
Animated Pictures
Network
Share Resources
Local Area Network
Wide Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Client
Server
Resources
Cables
Network Card
Geographical Area
Radio waves
Industry Field
Medical Fields
Artificial Intelligence
Packing
Welding And Plumbing
Fire Fighting
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‫تعطيل القنابل‬
‫التجارة االلكترونية‬
‫المستندات االلكترونية‬
‫المخــاطر‬
‫العمل عــن بعد‬
‫ضبط‬
‫اضاءة الشاشة‬
‫اشعاعات‬
‫تحمــيل – تنزيل‬
‫ اعتماد‬-‫اتخاذ‬
‫بصمة اليد‬
‫بصمة العين‬
‫بصمة الصوت‬
‫االحتيال‬
‫حقوق األفراد‬
‫الخصوصية‬
‫القضايا المدنية‬
‫يهدد‬
‫تشفير البيانات‬
‫فك التشفير‬
‫مصدر غير موثوق‬
Defusing Bombs
E-Commerce
E-Document
Risks
Teleworking
Adjust
Screen Lights Brightness
Radiation
Download
Adopt
Fingerprint
Eye Print
Voice Print
Fraud
Individuals Rights
Privacy
Civil Cases
Threaten
Data Encryption
Decryption
Unreliable Source
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Introduction to Computers
Need of Computers
Need of a computer has become the necessity of human beings nowadays. Computers are
everywhere, such as work, school, home, mobile devices, etc.
It has become the source of instant access to information from around the globe. It can be used
to access the internet for news, weather reports, sports, maps, emails, and education materials.
People also spend hours of free time on computers playing games, listening to music or watching
movies.
It is a common belief that computer knowledge is necessary for success.
What is Computer
A computer is an electronic machine that receives input, stores and automatically processes data,
and provides output in a useful format.
Data
Data is raw & unorganized facts and figures that need to be processed.
Information
When data is processed and organized so as to make it useful and meaningful, it is called
Information.
Information Technology
Information Technology is a term that refers to both the hardware and software that is used to
store, retrieve and manipulate information.
Advantages of Computers
o
o
o
o
Speed and accuracy of calculations and processing.
Saves huge amounts of data.
Economic in cost and time.
Network communications.
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Computer Performance
The computer performance depends on the following:
- The speed of the processor, which is measured in Giga Hertz.
- The capacity of RAM, which is measured in Giga Bytes.
- The speed and capacity of the Hard Disk.
Computer Generations
The development of computers was characterized by phases of growth which is called
“Computer Generations”. Major technological developments in each generation led to smaller,
cheaper, more powerful and more efficient computers.
The present computer system that we see today has evolved through various development stages.
These stages are illustrated below:
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Generations
(1940 – 1956)
(1956 – 1963)
(1964 – 1971)
(1971– Present)
(Present – Beyond)
Technology Used
Vacuum Tubes
Transistors
Integrated Circuits
Microprocessors
Artificial Intelligence
Figure 2 Transistor
Figure 1 Vacuum Tubes
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Figure 4 Microprocessor
Figure 3 Integrated Circuit
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Super computers:
o They are the biggest and the most powerful computers.
o They are rare because of their cost and size.
o Used by companies like NASA.
Mainframe computers:
o Great processing speed and data storage.
o Often connected to many individual PCs with limited processing capabilities called dumb
terminals.
o Used in Banks, Airlines etc.
Minicomputers:
o These computers are minimized in size and power.
o They are not used very commonly these days.
Microcomputers:
o It is called the Personal Computer (PC) which is popular everywhere.
o It is small enough to fit on top of a desk, which can be used by one user at a time.
o Used in homes, schools etc.
Workstation Computers:
o A workstation is a high-end microcomputer used in engineering applications.
o Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time; they are commonly connected to
a local area network.
o The term workstation has also been used to refer to a PC connected to a network.
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Control Computer:
o These computers are used for controlling operations in industries, medical devices and
travel media like planes and cars, to alert in any dangerous case.
PARTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER
Input Devices
Output Devices
Hardware
CPU
Memory Devices
Parts of Personal
Computer
Storage Devices
System Software
Software
Application
Software
A Personal Computer is broadly categorized into two parts – Hardware and Software. These
will be illustrated in detail as follows:
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HARDWARE
The physical parts of a computer which you can see and touch are called Hardware. Hardware is
classified further into the following:
Input devices
An Input device is any hardware part that allows you to enter data and instructions into a
computer. Some examples of input devices are as follows:
Keyboard: It is a board containing the keys of letters, numbers and some functions which
allows you to type information into the computer.
Mouse: A small hand-held device used to point, select, and click on items and to drag and
drop items from one place to another.
Scanner: It allows you to scan pictures, text and images and save it to your computer in a
digital form.
Web Cam: It is a digital camera that captures an image through the computer to a
computer network.
Barcode Reader: It is a photoelectric scanner that translates the bar code symbols into
digital form.
Joystick: Small hand lever that can be moved in any direction to control movement on the
screen. It can be used for playing games.
Output devices
Output Devices are the devices used to translate the processed information into a form that
humans can understand. Some examples of output devices are as follows:
Monitor (Computer Screen): Monitor displays the output in terms of text, information
or pictures. They come in different sizes and resolution.
Printer: A printer produces a hard copy of the material you are working on. For example:
Laser Printer and Ink-jet Printer.
Speaker/Headphones: They are used to output voice from a computer.
Touch Screen: It can be used as both Input and output device at the same time. It receives input
from the touch of a finger. For example - smart phones, ATM machines etc.
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Central Processing Unit (CPU):
It is the most important part of a computer system. It is usually referred to as the brain of a
computer. It determines the speed of your computer, which is measured in GHz (Giga Hertz).
The two main components of CPU are:
a) CU - Control Unit: It tells the computer system how to carry out program instructions
from the memory. It controls and coordinates all activities of the computer.
b) ALU - Arithmetic and Logic Unit: It performs mathematical and logical operations.
Storage Devices:
Hardware devices which are used to record and store data are called storage devices. They are
of two types:
1. Primary storage devices:
Before the data can be processed or a program can be run, it must be in the RAM. RAM
is a volatile storage device meaning that when the computer is switched off, the data
stored in it is lost or deleted. Hence, it is referred to as “primary storage”.
2. Secondary storage devices:
The devices store data even after the computer is switched off. There are two types of
secondary storage devices:
a. Internal storage
Hard Disk: It is the most important storage media located inside the computer,
which stores operating system and programs.
b. External storage
 Flash Memory (USB): A compact and easy-to-use device for transferring data
between computers.
 Optical Discs: An optical disc is a flat, round, portable metal disc with a plastic
coating. CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray Discs are the three types.
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Memory Devices:
Difference between RAM & ROM
RAM
(Random Access Memory)
ROM
(Read Only Memory)
 RAM is volatile memory (the  ROM is non-volatile (the information
information is lost when you switch off
is not lost when you switch off the
the computer).
computer).
 It is a temporary memory.
 It is a permanent memory.
 RAM is where instructions and data can  ROM is where programs are built-in at
be read and written again and again.
the
factory
where
they are
manufactured.
 Used for programs and data that you are  Used for fixed startup instructions.
currently working on.
Units of Measurement:
Unit
1 Bit
1 Byte
1 Kilobyte
1 Megabyte
1 Gigabyte
1 Terabyte
1 Petabyte
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(1 b)
(1 KB)
(1 MB)
(1 GB)
(1 TB)
(1 PB)
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Capacity
0 or 1
8 bits
1024 Bytes
1024 Kilobytes
1024 Megabytes
1024 Gigabytes
1024 Terabytes
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SOFTWARE
Software, or programs, are instructions that tell the computer what to do and how to perform. It
is divided into two types –System Software and Application Software.
System Software:
System software is the “background software” that comprises of programs that the computer
uses to manage its task and devices. It serves as the interface between the user, the application
software and the computer’s hardware.
There are four types of system software:
1. Operating System- It is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among
computer hardware devices. Examples: DOS, UNIX, Linux, Windows.
2. Utilities- A utility program allows a user to perform maintenance type tasks usually
related to managing the computer, its devices, or its programs. Examples: Disc
Defragmenter, backup and restore.
3. Device Drivers- These are specialized programs designed to allow particular input or
output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer.
4. Language Translator- It converts the programming instructions into a language that
computers understand.
Application Software:
They are programs used to perform some specific tasks. There are two types of Application
Software:
1. Basic Application Software
These are the most commonly used programs such as Internet browsers, word processor,
spreadsheet and database management system.
a. Word Processor:It is used to write and format texts, insert tables and
pictures.
Example: Microsoft Word
b. Spreadsheet: It is used for automatic calculations and creating charts.
Example: Microsoft Excel
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c. Database: A structured set of data held in a computer.
Example: Microsoft Access
d. Presentation: It is used to design slides for business and education.
Example: Microsoft PowerPoint
e. Web Browser: It is defined as a program designed to enable users to access,
retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet.
Example: Internet explorer
2. Specialized Application Software
These are the programs that are more
focused on specific areas such as graphics,
audio, video, multimedia, etc.
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File Extensions
No.
Icon
Extension
Explanation
Text Files
1
.txt
Plain text (notepad)
Image Files
1
.jpeg
High Resolution
2
.bmp
Medium Resolution
Audio Files
1
.mp3
Medium Quality- Size
2
.wav
Highest Quality- Size
Video Files
1
.avi
Highest Quality- Size
2
.wmv
Low Quality – Size
Executable Files
1
.exe
Like programs & Games
Compressed Files
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.zip
Compressed by Windows
2
.zip
Compressed by WinZip
3
.rar
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Microsoft Office Files
1
.xlsx
Microsoft Excel
2
.pptx
Microsoft Power point
3
.accdb
Microsoft Access
4
.docx
Microsoft Word
NETWORKS
Introduction
to Networks
What is a
Network?
Benefits of
Network
Classification
of Network
What is a Network?
It is a set of two or more computers connected to exchange information and share resources.
Computers in a network can be set up in different ways to suit the need of users.
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Main Parts of Network architecture:
- Client: It is a computer connected to the network and doesn’t have any control or privilege.
- Server: It is a computer that is responsible for controlling network resources.
- Resources: All files, printers and other hardware or software that the network users can
share.
Benefits of Networks
Two main benefits of computer networks are sharing of resources and exchanging
information.
a. Sharing of resources
Each computer in a network can share its resources with other computers over the network.
For example one printer can be shared by the whole classroom.
b. Exchanging information
Information such as study materials or presentation can be exchanged using emails over the
internet.
Classification of Network
Computer Networks are classified into different types based on the following:
a. According to Network’s Transport Media (wired and wireless).
Wired Networks
Wireless Networks
Networks set up by using the transport
medium, such as wires or cables.
Example: Telephone lines.
Networks that use radio waves to
transmit data. Examples: Bluetooth,
satellites.
b. According to Network’s Geographical Media (LAN, MAN, WAN).
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LAN
Local Area Network
They are group of
computers connected
together in the same
region or a limited area.
MAN
WAN
Metropolitan Area Network
Also known as regional
networks. It is used as links
between offices located within
a city.
Wide Area Network
A network that connects
computers over wide
geographical area either
countrywide or worldwide.
c. According to Network’s Management Media (Peer-to-Peer, Client-Server).
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Client-Server Networks
Each PC is an equal participant on the
network
One PC acts as the network controller
Access to the network is not centrally
controlled
Network access and security are centrally
controlled
Can operate on a basic PC operating
system
Need a special operating system
Are generally simpler and lower cost
Are generally more complex but give the user
more control
Examples: Homes and small businesses.
Examples: Universities, Banks.
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FIELDS OF USING COMPUTERS IN OUR DAILY LIFE
- Computers in Education: Schools have computer labs that give students access to
different programs.
- Computers in Management: Computers increase company's performance in helping
with collecting data and producing reports.
- Computers in Banks: Ease the access for bank account through ATM.
- Computers in Medical Fields: Computers help in organizing hospital files, and also help
in diagnosing diseases.
- Computers in Pharmacy: Computers help in tracking pharmacy's storage system and
financial transactions.
- Computers in Industry Field:
Artificial Intelligence (AI): It is a part of Computer Science which aims to design
intelligent computer systems to help in solving problems. One of these systems is
Robot.
Robot: It is a machine created to simulate the human
being activities in a fast and organized manner.
Works that can be performed by the Robot are:
- Welding and plumbing
- Handling dangerous materials
- Defusing bombs
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CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION
Tele-working: Working from home and communicating with the office by phone, fax and
computer is called Tele-working.
Advantages:
1. Reduced or zero commuting time
2. Greater ability to focus on one task
3. Flexible schedules
4. Reduced office space requirements
Disadvantages:
1. Lack of human contact and competition
2. Negative impact on teamwork
3. No Self-discipline
E-Documents: Documents or files which are created by the computer applications, e.g. text
documents, are referred to as e-documents.
Advantages:
1. Reduces the need for printed material (books)
which reduce the cost of printing.
2. Easy to share these files online.
3. Easy to browse or search for a file on the computer.
You can also use the search facility.
E-Commerce: Buying or selling via the internet usually using a credit card is called
E-commerce. Payment method of E-commerce involves the use of Visa Card or Master Card.
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The Advantages of the E-Commerce:
1. Global Market: you can buy from any country.
2. Open 24 hours a day.
3. Saves the client's time.
The Disadvantages of E-Commerce:
1. Risk in payment due to disclosure of credit card
number or bank account.
2. The risk of information leakage during transport, to a
hacker who might change the name of the buyer.
SAFETY AND HEALTH
Right methods to deal with the computer:
1. The screen: Adjust the screen's brightness settings and position so that it is comfortable for
your eyes.
2. The keyboard: It should be in front of you, and under your hand. It should not be in the
same level or above your hand.
3. You should put the mouse over a mouse pad to save it from dust.
4. The chair and the table should be adjustable and in good height.
5. Use cleaning tools to clean up the computer.
6. Use original ink and good paper for printing.
Health Problems which are caused by the wrong use of computers:
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1. Wrong distance from the computer screen can result in vision problems and eye
inflammation.
2. Incorrect posture in front of the computer can cause neck pain, back pain and leg pain.
3. Inappropriate height of the table and chair can lead to back problems.
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROTECTION:
Information Security: It is a science which focuses on how to provide protection to the
information and to avoid misuse of data.
How to provide protection for Information System:
-
Put password to log in for information.
Ensure that the source of e-mail attachments is genuine.
Adopt fingerprint, eye print or voice print systems in your Information system.
Create a backup copy of your work outside the system.
Use of encryption techniques.
Don’t leave your computer open when not in use.
Don’t leave your devices with any person.
Encryption: It is the altering of data so that it is not usable to prevent it from unauthorized users.
VIRUS
It is a software program which is written with the intention of causing damage in a computer
system.
1. Virus spreading ways:
- Computer networks.
- Copying and distribution of illegal software through the internet.
2. Virus protection ways:
-
Don’t use flash or CDs from unreliable sources.
Use only registered software.
Never open e-mail attachments from unreliable source.
Install an anti-virus program and
always keep it up-to-date.
Anti-Virus: It is a software
used for scanning and
removing virus from the
computer. The main purpose
of anti-virus program is to
protect computer from the
viruses.
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