Information processing
 Encoding-getting
memory system.
information into the
 Automatic
processing-unconscious encoding
of some information, such as space, time,
and frequency, without effort.
 Remembering location, time and frequency

Happens automatically
 Effortful
processing-encoding that requires
work to remember.

Rehearsal-conscious repetition of information.
 Conducted

the first memory studies
Helped us understand the importance of
rehearsal
 Rehearsal:
the conscious repetition of
information
 Practice really does make perfect
 Overlearning-rehearsal
of information
beyond the point where it has been learned.


Musicians
Gymnasts
 Serial
position effect-tendency to recall best
the first and last items in a list.


Primacy effect-ability to recall items near
beginning of a list
Recency effect-ability to recall items near end of
a list.
 Spacing
effect is the tendency for distributed
practice to yield better retention than is
achieved through massed practice.
 Distributed rehearsal- spreading rehearsal
out in several sessions separated by time.
 Massed rehearsal-putting all rehearsal time
together in one long session. cramming
 Semantic

encoding-encoding of meaning.
Effective way to memorize. Make it meaningful
 Self-reference
effect-relate it to you.
 Mnemonic
Devices are a memory trick or
technique.
 Methods of Loci: Associating items to
remember with imaginary places.
 Peg-word system: Associating items with a
list of peg words you have already
memorized.
 Storage-
time.
the retention of information over
Storage
•Sensory storage Memory: the brief initial coding of sensory information
in the memory system.
• Iconic store: Storing of visual images until another picture
replaces it
• Echoic Store: storing of auditory information
•Short-term memory: Conscious, activated memory that holds about
seven chunks of information briefly before the information is stored more
permanently or forgotten
•Long-term Memory: The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse
of the memory system.
•Flashbulb memories: a vivid, clear memory of an emotionally
significant moment or event
•Long-term potentiation: an increase in a synapse’s firing efficiency.
Believed to be the neural base of learning
•Implicit: memory for skills and procedures, that are retrieved
without conscious recollection.
•Explicit: memory of facts and experiences that one must
Sensory Memory
Our senses are constantly bombarded with sensory input. Just think
about how much you hear, smell, and can feel right now. It becomes
obvious that we gather a lot more information then we could ever cope
with or hope to use.
We hold visual information in our iconic store for less than half a
second. It is this store that helps us hold one image in our visual field
until another replaces it. Auditory or sound information is stored in
the echoic store and we usually hold it there for only three to four
seconds.
Short-term Memory
Short-term memory is more permanent then sensory memory because
you are more consciously aware of it at any point in time. Although this
memory is more permanent then sensory it is a lot smaller in how much
it can retain. George miller (1956) established that you can roughly
remember seven chunks of information, some people more some less.
Long-term Memory
•Long-term Memory: The relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of the memory system.
•Flashbulb memories: a vivid, clear memory of an emotionally
significant moment or event
•Long-term potentiation: an increase in a synapse’s firing
efficiency. Believed to be the neural base of learning
•Implicit: memory for skills and procedures, that are retrieved
without conscious recollection.
•Explicit: memory of facts and experiences that one must
consciously retrieve and declare
 RNN
OYO
TYW KTYU ACDF OAHNSOO RTA UO UCR
 Ask
not what your country can do for you
 Chunking-
organizing information into
meaningful units
Retrieval is getting information out of storage
 Two forms of memory Retrieval

Recall: a measure of memory in which you must
retrieve information you learned earlier
 Recognition: a measure of memory in which you must
identify items you learned earlier
 Context: the enhanced ability to retrieve information
when you are in an environment similar to the one in
which you encoded the information.
 State-dependent memory: the enhanced ability to
retrieve information when you are in the same
physical and emotional state you were in when you
encoded the information.

 http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Eyes-Dont-
Lie---Reading-People-By-EyeMovements&id=802751