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Chapter 9 Key Terms
Taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature
Migration
Baraminology
Phylogenetic Tree
Behavioral Isolation
Artificial Classification System
Domain
Speciation
Adaptation
Derived Character
Geographic Isolation
Biological Species
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Biology Chapter 9
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
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Why Classify?

Taxonomy
 The
science of classifying organisms into groups

We classify organisms by putting them into groups with similar
properties

Grouping them helps organize information about these
organisms
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Classification

Aristotle was the first to attempt classifying organisms
2
major groups: animals and plants
 Plants
were divided into trees, shrubs, herbs
 Animals

were divided into fish, birds, animals
Artificial Classification System
 System
for classifying organisms based on observable characteristics
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Classification

Carolus Linnaeus
 Proposed
 More
new system for classifying organisms
flexible than Aristotle’s

As new species are discovered, scientists
propose revisions to this system

Today’s system is a classification hierarchy
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Classification
Each group on one level may be
divided into several groups on
the next layer
2. Each group in the hierarchy has
various characteristics that all
levels under the group possess
3. Each level of the hierarchy can
be divided into smaller units
before reaching the next lower
level
1.
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Kingdoms

Kingdom Eubacteria
 Most
abundant organisms on the earth
 Unicellular
 Contain

prokaryotic organisms
peptidoglycan
Kingdom Archaebacteria
 Also
 Do
prokaryotic organisms
not contain peptidoglycan
 Many
are considered extremophiles
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Kingdoms

Kingdom Protista
 Protists
are eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, or
 Algae,
protozoans, slime molds
fungus

Kingdom Fungi
 Heterotrophic
 Mushrooms,
and feed on dead or decaying organic matter
yeasts, mildews, molds
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Kingdoms

Kingdom Plantae
 Most
are autotrophic and perform photosynthesis
 Adults
 Cells

are usually stationary
surrounded by cell walls
Kingdom Animalia
 Heterotrophic,
eukaryotic, multicellular organisms
 Contain
some means of locomotion
 Insects,
fish, worms, birds, mammals…
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Scientific Names

A naming system had to be derived because different
organisms can have the same name, and one organism can
have several names

Binomial Nomenclature
 Proposed
2
by Carolus Linnaeus
name, naming system
 Each
organism is given a genus and species name specific to
that organism
 Uses
Latin for names
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Scientific Names

The scientific name for an organism uses the genus and
species names

Name is always italicized if printed, underlined if hand written

Genus name is capitalized, species name is not

Ex. the genus for horse is Equus

Equus caballus is the common name for the common horse
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Species

“A group of similar organisms”

Members of a species are structurally similar but do have a degree of
variation

Members of a species can interbreed and produce viable and fertile
offspring under natural conditions

Biological species

A group of individuals that resemble each other and can generally interbreed
to produce fertile, viable offspring

Still does not give a complete definition for every species
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Species


Speciation

Formation of new species

Does not create new information
Migration


Geographic Isolation


Moving of organisms from one area to another
Inability of organisms to breed due to physical separation
Behavioral Isolation

Inability of organisms to reproduce due to conflicting reproductive behaviors
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Kinds

Biblical Kind
 Organisms
that are able to reproduce
 Linnaeus
thought he was using the same classification when referring
to a species

Baraminology
 Study
of classification based on the idea of biblical kinds
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Evolution
 Phylogenetic
Tree
 Evolutionary
diagrams that show
the evolutionary path of an
organism
 Scientists
try to show that the
similarities are a result of common
ancestors