Disaster and Crisis
Planning and Management
Planning and Preparing
Logistical Planning
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Federal
State
City
District
Staff
Students
Parents
Volunteers
Others
Emergency Preparedness
Emergency situations can
occur at any time, any
place, any where
They can be man made
or natural
They may involve a single
individual or large
populations
They may do minimal or
massive damage
Basic Emergency Guidelines
Size up the situation
Day
Time
Type of occupancy
Type of construction
Weather
Hazards
Size of area
Number of people
Do not try to rescue anyone unless it is safe for you!
Do not add to the problem by becoming a victim too.
Know your Students and Staff
First Aid/CPR cards –
who has them, who
should?
Health restrictions physical restrictions or
disabilities
Medication concerns –
daily, photo-sensitive,
3 day supply?
Itinerant staff –
personnel and schedules
Parent volunteers
Other concerns
Safety Concerns
Be part of the solution, not part of the problem.
Always work in pairs.
Wear protective shoes; keep appropriate walking shoes
with your emergency kit.
Communicate regularly with a partner, group, leader, and
people being rescued.
Review escape plans with students and staff.
Measures to Ensure Safety
Review District
Bulletins and
Guidelines
Plan for the unexpected
– think about possible
alternative plans.
Take all practice drills
seriously.
Step One: Triage
Triage is divided into two major areas
• Psychological Triage
• Medical Triage
Psychological Triage
Is complex and involves several basic
aspects:
The rapid identification of victims in possible emotional
distress.
Establishing priorities for the care of potential victims.
Psychological triage will be covered
later in the Training.
Medical Triage
Medical triage
involves two basic
components:
The identification of
victims at greatest
risk for early death.
Establishing priorities
for the care of large
numbers of victims
START will be used to
evaluate victims
START Goals
Simple
Rapid
No special skills required
No specific diagnosis
Stabilization provided
Easy to learn and teach
START
(Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment)
What is START?
The START plan is a simple
step-by-step triage and
treatment method to be used
by the first rescuers responding
to a mass casualty incident.
It allows the first responders to
identify victims at greatest risk
for early death.
To provide basic stabilization
maneuvers.
Who Can Use START?
START …
was specifically designed
for basic emergency
personnel. Other groups
may choose to use
START as the first step in
their triage systems.
START Basics
RPM
Respirations
Perfusion
Mental Status
Where do I start?
Triage Tag
• is an identification tag used in a multi casualty
incident to prioritize victims for care, (triage).
• is a tag to attach to the victim, with four colored
code strips to prioritized care.
The Four TRIAGE TAG Colors
Green Strip
Yellow Strip
Red Strip
Black Strip
Minor – bottom strip
-Injuries managed by first aid only
-No hospital care needed at the moment
Delayed – second from the bottom
-Needs hospital care, but not immediate
Immediate – third form the bottom
-Needs emergency care now
-Should receive attention before all others
Deceased – fourth from the bottom
-Dead or non-salvageable, No CPR is done
What do I do first?
Respirations/Ventilation
• BLACK
• RED
• Nothing – open airway, still no
breathing, tag black Deceased and
move to the next victim.
• If person starts to breath, tag red
Immediate.
• Respirations 30/minute or higher, tag
red Immediate.
• Respirations under 30/minute, go to
the next step – Perfusion.
Perfusion
Capillary blanch
refill test:
Color should return to lips
or nail beds within 2
seconds, if so go to
Mental Status.
If longer than 2 seconds,
tag red Immediate.
Remember - Control Bleeding
What if the lights are out?
The Radial Pulse
may be used in
reduced lighting
If…
• Not palpable, tag red
immediate
• If palpable, go to
Mental Status
Remember - Control Bleeding
Mental Status
Altered mental
status, tag red Immediate.
Normal mental
status, tag yellow
- Delayed.
Let the Search Begin…
Search Systematically
Never search alone!
Take the proper supplies, equipment, and keys
Select team members according to physical abilities
Never enter a building /room without notifying the
command center first.
When entering a building/room, place a piece of tape on
the door forming the first half of an X - /
Use a consistent systematically room check
When the building/room is clear, complete the X
The Search Team will search first, then become part of
the Rescue Team
Basic Search Equipment
Boxes – one for each search team to store their equipment in
Hard Hats/ Gloves/ Goggles/ Vests/ Backpacks/ Dust Masks/
Whistles/ School Maps – one set per member
Walkie Talkie – at least one per team
MetTags/Triage tags/3x5 cards with safety pins – to tag victims
Clipboards/ pencils/ pens/ markers
Log Sheets – to record victims location and condition
Flashlights – at least one per team, change batteries annually
Masking Tape – to mark doors, people, or ???
Crowbar – to pry open doors and windows, one per team
Light weight rope – to string between team members, rope off an area, secure
tents, or ???
START guidelines and Basic Vital Sign Guidelines
Additional Equipment – any items the school feels is necessary
Remember to store in an easily accessible central location
Steps After Initial TRIAGE
Establish first aid
station
Start initial first aid
Reassess the
“walking wounded”
and those previously
TRIAGED
Establishing the 1st Aid Station
Generally divided into four smaller stations
1. Triage/Communication Center – organizes,
records, receives, and directs 1st Aid and rescue
services.
Green Station – Minor, treat and release
2.
3. Yellow Station – Delayed, needs hospital care, but
can wait.
4. Red Station – Immediate, needs emergency care
now. Should receive attention first.
Any victim tagged with Black goes directly to
the morgue.
Basic
st
1
Aid Equipment
Review District Bulletins and Policies
Q-5, Q-48, Q-50
First Aid kits
- one per 100 students, see supply order catalogs.
- Review expiration dates and replace as needed.
Stethoscopes/Blood Pressure Cuff
with varying cuff sizes
Walkie Talkie and Flash Lights
Large laminated map of the school and grease pencils
Clipboards/ pencils/ pens/ Log Sheets
Red/ Yellow/ Green Triage Station Locator Signs
Tarps/ Tents/ Blankets/ Pillows
Rescue Team
• Rescue members meet at the
1st Aid station
• The Search Team will join the
Rescue Team, once they
have completed their search
• Each team consists of 2 – 4
members
• Take appropriate equipment Stretchers, 1st Aid kits, etc.
No one goes anywhere alone
Emergency Classroom Kits
Suggested items:
Classroom rosters
Emergency plans
Paper, pencils, pens, crayons,
or other age appropriate items
Crackers or similar food item
Butcher paper to sit on
Walking shoes or other items?
Chain or rope ladders for
second floor classrooms
The kit needs to be easy to
carry and quickly accessible
Questions?
What does your school site need to be safe?
Who will you discuss your concerns with?
Where will the funding come from?
What are the District, State, Federal requirements?
Closing Comments