English 105 – Tosspon,
Mtg 5
Turn in:
Research Scaffold
C/C Vocab
Grammar log; Narr
• Verb Tense Shifts
•Citing Sources
• Findingchomp!
quality sources
CARS chomp!
• Inserting quotes in
YOUR paper
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This presentation
is brought to
you by Grammar Bytes!,
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©2012 by Robin
L. Simmons
.
Tense Shift
Do I use the
present tense
to maintain
consistency?
Or do I need
the past tense
instead?
This presentation
covers recognizing
appropriate verb
tenses for a given
time frame or
context.
A tense shift item on an
objective test might look
like this ...
Sample Item
When King was
was aa puppy,
puppy, he
he chewed
chewed toys
toys
A
and furniture. Now that he is
is an
an adult,
adult, he
he
B
wantedtoto
wanted
wants
tochew
chew
chewthe
the
themail
mail
mailcarrier
carrier
carriermost
most
mostofof
ofall.
all.
all.
CC
A.
B.
C.
D.
Wanted should
be
Is was
present
, is, or
wanted
tense, in
a the
is
correction
option
wrong tense?
was
C makes.
wants
wants
No change is necessary.
U s e pr esent/ pr esent perfect
t e n s e t o i n d i c at e
cur rent/regular action.
Present tense: verb + s = singular; verb + Ø =
plural.
Present perfect tense: has or have + past
participle
Jeffrey goes to the gym six days a week where he
has gained not only muscle but also discipline.
I have gained
attention from
women too!
U s e past perfect t o i n d i c at e a
p a s t a c t i o n t h at o c c u r r e d
b e fo r e a n o t h e r p a s t a c t i o n .
Past tense: regular = verb + ed; irregular forms
vary.
Past perfect tense: had + past participle
Jeffrey had lifted free weights for over an hour
before someone mentioned the rip in his
shorts.
It’s a good
thing I have
cute
glutes.
U s e pr og r essi ve tenses t o
i n d i c at e a n o n g o i n g a c t i o n
t h at o c c u r s a s a n o t h e r a c t i o n
happens.
Progressive tenses: form of be + verb + ing
Jeffrey was showing off when he tore a muscle
in his shoulder.
Ouch!
W h e n l o g i c p e r m i t s , yo u c a n m i x
past/ pr esent t e n s e s w i t h f utur e .
Because he went to the gym today, Jeffrey will
reward himself with a triple bacon cheeseburger for
lunch. After he weighs himself tomorrow, he will
regret the poor food choice.
Because I ate
badly, I will have
to do more crunches
at the gym.
Could/would = past tense of
can/will .
Jeffrey
enough
energy
for his
Jeffreythought
thought he
he would
will havehave
enough
energy
for his
workout,
workout, but
but skipping
skipping breakfast
breakfast meant
meant that
that he
he could
cannot not
complete
complete his
his training.
training.
You would
have had the
same
problem!
Quick Test
Directions: In the items that follow, choose
the option that corrects an error in the
underlined portion(s). If no error exists, choose
“No change is necessary.”
You think you’re
tough? Show
me your tense
strength.
Item 1
Aunt Lillian had
had frozen
frozenfour
fourquarts
quartsofofher
her
A
homegrown strawberries, but she lost
lost them
them after
after
B
the hurricane was
was knocking
knocked
knocking
out power
out
outpower
power
for eight
for
foreight
eight
C C
days.
A.
B.
C.
D.
froze
had lost
knocked
knocked
No change is necessary.
Item 2
Because Sammy had
had been
been eating
eatingall
allofofthe
the
chocolate mint ice cream before she got home,
Roxanne whacked him over the head.
A. ate
B. was eating
C. had
had eaten
eaten
D. No change is necessary.
Item 3
Carlos pawed
pawed at
at his
his hair
hair and
and shook
shookhis
hishead,
head,but
but
A
B
he cannot
cannotnot
could
dislodge
dislodge
dislodge
the
thethe
giant
giant
giant
spider
spider
spider
tangled
tangled
tangled
inin in
CC
his curls.
A.
B.
C.
D.
was pawing
was shaking
could not
could
not
No change is necessary.
Item 4
Grandpa planted a backyard garden, hoping that it
was helping
was
helpingwith
withthe
thehigh
highcost
costofoffood.
food.
A. will help
B. would
would help
help
C. helped
D. No change is necessary.
Item 5
When Gretchen was
was aa freshman,
freshman, she
she wanted
wantedtoto
A
B
major in biology, but after her first rat dissection,
she couldn’t
couldn’tchange
changeher
hermajor
majorfast
fastenough.
enough.
C
A.
B.
C.
D.
had been
was wanting
cannot
No change
changeisisnecessary.
necessary.
Item 6
Everyone is
is sleeping
sleepingsoundly
soundlywhen
whenBrendan
Brendan
dropped the glass pitcher of lemonade on the stone
tiles of the kitchen floor.
A. had
had been
been sleeping
sleeping
B. slept
C. would sleep
D. No change is necessary.
Item 7
Ancient Egyptians spent
spent their
their entire
entire lives
lives preparing
preparing
A
for their death and burial. Today, however, people
think
are
thinking
thinking
that such
that
that
arrangements
such
sucharrangements
arrangements
are morbid
are
aremorbid
morbid
B B
C
C
and impolite to discuss.
A.
B.
C.
D.
were spending
think
think
would be
No change is necessary.
Item 8
When Felicia saw the turtle trying to cross the busy
road, she leaped out of her car and had
had carried
carried
the reptile to safety at the other side.
A. was carrying
B. carried
carried
C. will carry
D. No change is necessary.
Item 9
George Washington believed
believedthat
thathe
hewas
wasinvincible
invincible
A
in battle. He rode
rode aa conspicuous
conspicuous white
white horse
horse that
that
B
made him an easy target, yet no bullet had
hadhim,
hit
hit
hithim,
him,
CC
validating his conviction of invulnerability.
A.
B.
C.
D.
had believed
was riding
hit
hit
No change is necessary.
Item 10
We would
would have
havebite
bitemarks
markson
onour
ourankles
anklesand
and
scratches on our thighs ever since adopting
Nelson, our feisty kitten.
A. had
B. have
have
C. will have
D. No change is necessary.
Quoting & Citing
With a lil bit of “finding quality
sources” thrown in
Quoting
 Pg 393
 Quotations must be identical to the
original, using a narrow segment of the
source. They must match the source
document word for word and must be
attributed to the original author.
• Direct quotation. Finally, determining which
frog had committed the atrocity she shouted,
“Off with his head!” (Burton 26:52).
MLA style
citation
Paraphrasing
 Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from
source material into your own words. A paraphrase
must also be attributed to the original source.
Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the
original passage, taking a somewhat broader
segment of the source and condensing it slightly.
• Paraphrase. In Chapter 11 of Into the Wild, Walt,
McCandless’s father, remembers an early hike with
twelve-year-old Chris. They made it to 13,000 feet
before turning back from the 14,256-foot summit in
Colorado. Chris did not want to quit, and complained
all the way down (Krakauer, 109).
Summarizing
 Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into
your own words, including only the main point(s).
Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized
ideas to the original source. Summaries are
significantly shorter than the original and take a broad
overview of the source material.
Summary. In Into the Wild, Krakauer seems
to be working out his own past and his
relationship with his father as well as telling
the sad story of Chris McCandless. Because
Krakauer, too, is a man of the outdoors, he
understands something about the call of the
wild.
Practice
Paraphrase, Quote, Summary
 Handout
Practice “Natural Remedies”
1. Many foods can help mild to moderate
nausea. Ginger and fruit are examples of
foods that can help an individual feel
better.
2. Pectin, found in apples, peaches, plums,
and carrots, can help decrease nausea.
3. “Ginger…[is a] very powerful plant that
works on the digestive tract” (Greening
18).
Using Quotes/Paraphrases
 Your quote can’t make your point for you.
YOU must make your point.
 Use a quote,
tell the reader
WHAT it shows
and why.
Try it on YOUR quote(s)
 Fill out a paragraph
organizer for YOUR
main points/
quotes
Obvious Plagiarism
 buying, stealing, or
borrowing a paper
(including, of course,
copying an entire paper
or article from the
 hiring someone to write
Web);
your paper for you; and
copying large sections of
text from a source
without quotation marks
or proper citation.
Cite It
 Words or ideas presented in a magazine, book,
newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page,
computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other
medium
 Information you gain through interviewing or conversing with
another person, face to face, over the phone, or in writing
 When you copy the exact words or a unique phrase
 When you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures,
or other visual materials
 When you reuse or repost any electronically-available
media, including images, audio, video, or other media
DON’T Cite It
 Writing your own lived experiences, your own observations and
insights, your own thoughts, and your own conclusions about a
subject
 When you are writing up your own results obtained through lab or
field experiments
 When you use your own artwork, digital photographs, video, audio,
etc.
 When you are using "common knowledge," things like folklore,
common sense observations, myths, urban legends, and
historical events (but not historical documents)
 When you are using generally-accepted facts, e.g., pollution is bad
for the environment, including facts that are accepted within particular
discourse communities, e.g., in the field of composition studies, "writing is a
process" is a generally-accepted fact.
Must Cite in 2
places:
In-text
Works Cited Page
(also known as ‘parenthetical documentation’)
In other words- in parentheses.
Your in-text citations work with your bibliography (works cited) page to
identify where any quotes or ideas borrowed from another author came
from.
“References in the text MUST clearly point to specific sources
in the list of works cited.”
- MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed.
Works Cited
Halio, Jay L., "Elizabethan Age." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Scholastic
Library Publishing, 2006. HF-L High School. 1 Apr 2006 <http://gme.grolier.com>.
Life in Elizabethan England. Summer 2005. 31 Mar 2006 <http://renaissance.dm
.net/compendium>.
Pressley, J. M. "An Encapsulated Biography." Shakespeare Resource Center,
February 10, 2005. 3 Mar 2006 <http://www.bardweb.net/man.html>.
Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 1969.
Thomas, Heather. The Life in Times of Queen Elizabeth I. 23 Mar 2006. 1 Apr
2006 <www.elizabethi.org>.
In-text citations: Direct Quote
In the body of the paper, it looks like this:
When Mercutio is wounded, he screams “A plague on both your
houses!” referring to both the Capulets and the Montagues
(Shakespeare 70).
Works Cited
Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 1969. Print.
Direct Quotes
• Educators are cautioned that “…labels tend to
stick, and few people go back later to document a
shifting profile of intelligences” (Gardner 139).
• Gardner explains that there are difficulties in
labeling children with a type of intelligence,
including the problem that labels may last, while
the assessment may change (139).
A. On September 11, 2001, the World Trade
Center and the Pentagon were attacked by
hijacked airplanes.
B. Atta, Binalshibh, al Shehhi, and Jarrah had
lived in Germany and were chosen over more
established Al Qaeda members due to their
exposure to the West and ability to speak
English.
B was correct: it is specific
and not commonly known
 How would you cite it? In the text of your paper:
 Atta, Binalshibh, al Shehhi, and Jarrah had lived in
Germany and were chosen over more established Al
Qaeda members due to their exposure to the West and
ability to speak English (National Commission 160).
In the Works Cited:
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United
States. The 9/11 Commission Report. New York: W.W.
Norton, 2004.
Which of THESE
do you need to cite?
A. “The science labs at East St. Louis High
School are 30 to 50 years outdated.”
B. When public schools were segregated,
conditions were not equal.
How would you cite it? In-body:
 “The science labs at East St. Louis High
School are 30 to 50 years outdated” (Kozol
27).
In the Works Cited:
Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities: Children in
America’s Schools. New York: HarperCollins,
1991. Print.
No more than
Good Sources/Bad Sources
25% of your
paper should be
 Do NOT use wikipedia as a cited source.
quotes
• Because anyone can change anything
 Sources that end in .edu
or .gov are more reliable.
 News agencies
often end in .com
 Beware of .org, .com, and .net websites.
• Sometimes can be used to show people’s
opinions. Should NOT be used for facts
unless reputable source such as news site.
CARS
Is your web source
 Credible
 Accurate
 Reliable
 Supported
 See handout, analyze 1 source YOU used.
 Sometimes you may use a non-credible
source, if you are quoting an opinion and
state it as such in your paper.
Quotation Punctuation
 Period goes AFTER the quote
Citation: use 1st thing in the Works Cited
page (usually author’s last name or
article title)
Works Cited
 Use www.easybib.com
 Make sure ALL information is correct
 Works Cited goes on its OWN PAGE
•
Do NOT trust Microsoft! It uses MLA 2007
Computer Room Assignments
1. CARS worksheet (due today)
2. Research Scaffold (due today)




Title of the article
Author of the article
Source of the article
Date the article published
3. Review your Narrative grade (emailed to you if
you submitted on time)
Begin working on Grammar log (due
next class meeting)
Homework
 Compare/Contrast Rough Draft
 Grammar Log
for Narrative
Peer Revision:
Compare/Contrast
 Use the Handout
 Author: Remember to respond
(questions 17-29)
• Author- you are asked to write a different
STYLE of intro and a different STYLE of
conclusion (see chpt 4)
• If you used a personal story, try using a quote! If you
used a call to action, try using an anecdote!