Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Imperial Vision
Section 2: The SpanishAmerican War
Section 3: New American
Diplomacy
Visual Summary
How Are Empires
Built?
International economic and military
competition convinced the United
States it must become a world
power. In the late 1800s, the United
States increased its trade and
military presence in East Asia and
Latin America, and by the early
1900s, it had created an American
empire.
• Why do you think the United
States focused on East Asia
and Latin America?
• What factors make a nation a
world power?
The Imperial Vision
Why did the United States
seek to become an
imperialist power?
The Spanish-American
War
Was sympathy for the
Cuban people or economic
expansion the major
reason why the United
States declared war on
Spain?
New American
Diplomacy
Why did the United States
use diplomacy to achieve
its economic objectives in
Asia?
Big Ideas
Economics and Society In the late 1800s, many
Americans wanted the United States to expand its
military and economic power overseas.
Content Vocabulary
• imperialism
• protectorate
Academic Vocabulary
• expansion
• conference
People and Events to Identify
• Anglo-Saxonism
• Matthew C. Perry
• Queen Liliuokalani
• Pan-Americanism
Do you agree that strong nations
should take advantage of weaker
nations?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Building Support for Imperialism
A desire for world markets and belief in
the superiority of Anglo-Saxon culture
led the United States to assert itself as
a world power.
Building Support for Imperialism (cont.)
• Beginning in the 1880s, economic and
military competition from other nations, as
well as a growing feeling of cultural
superiority, convinced many Americans that
the United States should become a world
power.
• Several European nations were already
expanding overseas, a development known
as the New Imperialism.
Building Support for Imperialism (cont.)
• Europeans expanded their power overseas
for many reasons:
– Factories depended on raw materials from
all over the world.
– By the late 1800s, most industrialized
countries had placed high tariffs against
each other.
– The growth of investment opportunities in
Western Europe had slowed.
Building Support for Imperialism (cont.)
• To protect their investments, European
nations began exerting control over those
territories.
– Some areas became colonies, while
others became protectorates.
• The U.S. noticed the expansion of
European powers overseas and concluded
that the nation needed new overseas
markets to keep its economy strong.
Exports and Imports, 1865–1900
Building Support for Imperialism (cont.)
• In addition to economic concerns, many
supporters of Social Darwinism argued that
nations competed with each other politically,
economically, and militarily, and that only the
strongest would survive.
– John Fiske’s ideas, known as AngloSaxonism, were linked to the idea of
Manifest Destiny.
Building Support for Imperialism (cont.)
• As Americans became increasingly willing to
risk war to defend American interests
overseas, support for building a large
modern navy began to grow.
– Captain Alfred T. Mahan published his
lectures in a book called The Influence of
Sea Power upon History 1660–1783,
which helped build public support for a big
navy.
Josiah Strong linked Anglo-Saxonism to
which idea in order to gain the support of
Americans?
A. Manifest Destiny
B. Imperialism
C. Missionary work
D. Nationalism
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
American Expansion in the Pacific
The desire for new markets led to trade
with Japan and the annexation of
Hawaii.
American Expansion in the Pacific (cont.)
• In 1852, after receiving several petitions
from Congress, President Millard Fillmore
decided to force Japan to trade with the
United States.
– He ordered Commodore Matthew C.
Perry to take a naval expedition to Japan
to negotiate a trade treaty.
American Expansion in the Pacific (cont.)
• Realizing that they could not resist modern
Western technology and weapons, the
Japanese agreed to sign the Treaty of
Kanagawa.
– By the 1890s, the Japanese had a
powerful navy and had begun building
their own empire in Asia.
American Expansion in the Pacific (cont.)
• Queen Liliuokalani disliked the influence
that American settlers had gained in Hawaii,
so she tried to impose a new constitution
reasserting her authority.
– A group of planters, supported by the U.S.
marines, overthrew her monarchy and in
1891, she reluctantly stepped down.
– President Cleveland strongly opposed
imperialism, so the United States annexed
Hawaii once he was out of office.
After the recession struck Hawaii in 1872,
the U.S. signed a treaty exempting Hawaii
from tariffs on which product?
A. Pineapples
0%
D
0%
A
D. Plants
A
B
C0%
D
C
C. Coconut
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Sugar
Diplomacy in Latin America
The United States worked to increase
trade with Latin America.
Diplomacy in Latin America (cont.)
• American business leaders and government
officials wanted to increase the sale of
American products in Latin America.
– James G. Blaine proposed that the United
States invite the Latin American nations to a
conference to discuss ways in which the
American nations could work together to
support peace and increase trade.
– This idea became known as PanAmericanism.
Diplomacy in Latin America (cont.)
• Although the Latin American delegates
rejected Blaine’s ideas, they did create an
organization that worked to promote
cooperation among the nations of the
Western Hemisphere—the Commercial
Bureau of the American Republic.
• Today this organization is called the
Organization of American States (OAS).
Which of the following goals did James G.
Blaine wish to accomplish at the conference?
A. Creation of a customs union
0%
0%
0%
0%
E
A
E. B and C
0%
D
D. A and B
A
B
C
D
E
C
C. Creation of a treaty that
limited European trade
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
B
B. Creation of a system to work
out disputes peacefully
Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration The United States
defeated Spain in a war, acquired new overseas
territories, and became an imperial power.
Content Vocabulary
• yellow
journalism
• jingoism
• autonomy
Academic Vocabulary
• intervene
• volunteer
People and Events to Identify
• José Martí
• William Randolph Hearst
• Joseph Pulitzer
• Emilio Aguinaldo
• Platt Amendment
• Foraker Act
Do you think that the United States
should grant Puerto Rico their
independence?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
The Coming of War
In support of the Cuban rebellion and
in retaliation for the loss of the USS
Maine, the United States declared war
on Spain.
The Coming of War (cont.)
• In 1868, Cuban rebels declared independence
and launched a guerrilla war against Spanish
authorities.
– The rebellion collapsed a decade later, and
many Cuban rebels fled to the U.S.
– One of the exiled leaders, José Martí,
launched a rebellion in February 1895.
– Marti died, but the Republic of Cuba
was established in September 1895.
U.S. Investment in Cuba, 1897
The Coming of War (cont.)
• Many Americans supported the rebels
because of the sensational stories published
in The Journal, owned by William Randolph
Hearst, and The World, owned by Joseph
Pulitzer.
– This kind of writing came to be known as
yellow journalism.
The Coming of War (cont.)
• President William McKinley made it clear
that if the war did not end soon, the United
States would have to intervene.
– Spain removed General Valeriano Weyler
from power and offered the Cubans
autonomy, but only if Cuba remained part
of the Spanish empire.
– The Cubans refused to negotiate.
The Spanish-American War
The Coming of War (cont.)
• On the evening of February 15, 1898, while the
Maine sat in Havana Harbor, it exploded.
– No one is sure why this happened, but
Americans believed the Spanish did it.
– Within the Republican Party, jingoism was
very strong, so the president faced pressure
to go to war.
The Battle for the Philippines
The Coming of War (cont.)
– On April 11, 1898, McKinley asked
Congress to authorize the use of force.
– On April 19, Congress proclaimed Cuba
independent, demanded that Spain
withdraw from the island, and authorized
the use of force.
– In response to the demands of the United
States, Spain declared war.
The United States had not been at
war with another nation in how many
years?
A. 10
B. 30
C. 50
D. 70
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
A War on Two Fronts
The United States fought and defeated
Spain in both the Caribbean and the
Pacific.
A War on Two Fronts (cont.)
• Commodore George Dewey was ordered to
attack the Spanish fleet based in the
Philippines.
– His quick victory took McKinley and his
advisers by surprise.
– While waiting for the American troops to
arrive, Dewey contacted Emilio
Aguinaldo—a Filipino revolutionary.
A War on Two Fronts (cont.)
– While the rebels took control of most of the
islands, American troops seized the
Philippine capital of Manila.
• Neither the Spanish nor Americans were
prepared for war in Cuba.
– American military planners wanted to drive
the Spanish fleet out of Santiago Harbor
and into battle with the American fleet
waiting nearby.
A War on Two Fronts (cont.)
– While one group of soldiers attacked San
Juan Hill, the Rough Riders, led by
Theodore Roosevelt and accompanied by
the all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry
Regiments, attacked Kettle Hill.
– The plan worked, and the United States
took control of Santiago and Puerto Rico.
Which percentage of the American
troops fighting in Cuba were African
American?
A. 15%
B. 25%
C. 45%
D. 50%
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
An American Empire
In defeating Spain, the United States
acquired an overseas empire.
An American Empire (cont.)
• When deciding whether or not to annex the
Philippines, the United States faced a
difficult choice—remain true to its republican
ideals or become an imperial power that
ruled a foreign country without the consent of
its people.
• President McKinley ultimately decided to
annex the islands.
• On December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain
signed the Treaty of Paris.
An American Empire (cont.)
• Although the United States had promised to
grant Cuba its independence, President
McKinley added the Platt Amendment to
their Constitution.
– This amendment made Cuba an American
protectorate, and remained in effect until
1934.
An American Empire (cont.)
• In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act,
establishing a civil government in Puerto
Rico.
– The debate over Puerto Rico’s status
continues today.
An American Empire (cont.)
• The Philippine-American war, or Philippine
Insurrection, lasted for more than three
years.
– To fight the guerrillas, the U.S. military
adopted many of the same policies that
America had condemned Spain for using
in Cuba.
– The first U.S. civilian governor of the
islands, William Howard Taft, slowly
reduced Filipino hostility through his
reforms.
An American Empire (cont.)
– On July 4, 1902, the United States
declared the war over.
– By the mid-1930s, Filipinos were permitted
to elect their own congress and president.
– Finally, in 1946, the United States granted
independence to the Philippines.
The following happened under the Treaty of Paris
EXCEPT
A. Cuba became an
independent nation.
A
B0%
C
D
0%
D
B
A
A.
C. The United States paid Spain
B.
0%
0%
$20 million for the Philippines.
C.
D. The United States decided a
senator would govern the Philippines. D.
C
B. The United States acquired
Puerto Rico and Guam.
Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration Under President Theodore
Roosevelt, the United States increased its power on
the world stage.
Content Vocabulary
• sphere of
influence
• Open Door
policy
• dollar diplomacy
• guerrilla
Academic Vocabulary
• access
• tension
People and Events to Identify
• Boxer Rebellion
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
• Roosevelt Corollary
• Victoriana Huerta
• Pancho Villa
Do you feel that the United States
should intervene in foreign affairs?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
American Diplomacy in Asia
The United States pursued an Open
Door policy to allow all nations access
to China’s markets.
American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)
• In 1894, Japan easily defeated China in a
war over Korea.
– China gave Japan territory in Manchuria.
– Then, in 1898, Russia demanded that
China lease the Manchurian territory to
Russia.
• Soon other countries also demanded
“leaseholds” in China; each leasehold
became the center of a country’s sphere of
influence.
American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)
• Politicians and businessmen in the United
States supported what they called an Open
Door policy.
– Secretary of State John Hay received
assurances from all of the nations with
leaseholds that they would accept the
Open Door policy if all the others agreed
to do so as well.
The Open Door Policy and the Boxer Rebellion
American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)
• During the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, the
Boxers, supported by some Chinese troops,
besieged foreign embassies in Beijing and
Tianjin, killing more than 200 foreigners and
taking others prisoner.
– Eight nations intervened, landing in China
to rescue the foreigners and smash the
rebellion.
– Hay worked with British diplomats to
persuade the other powers not to partition
China.
Why did Hay work to convince the other countries
not to partition China?
E. B and C
0%
0%
0%
0%
E
D. A and B
A
0%
D
C. To avoid further war with China
A
B
C
D
E
C
B. To maintain a larger market
for its own goods
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
B
A. To retain access to China’s
lucrative trade in tea, spices,
and silk
Roosevelt’s Diplomacy
Presidents Roosevelt and Taft
continued to support a policy of
expanding Unites States influence in
foreign countries.
Roosevelt’s Diplomacy (cont.)
• After President McKinley was assassinated,
Theodore Roosevelt took over the
presidency.
– He favored increasing American power on
the world stage.
– For his efforts in ending the war between
Japan and Russia, Roosevelt won the
Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.
Great White Fleet
Roosevelt’s Diplomacy (cont.)
• Roosevelt believed in a strong global military
presence.
– One of the most dramatic acts of his
presidency was the acquisition and
construction of the Panama Canal.
• In 1901 the United States and Great Britain
signed the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, which
gave the United States the exclusive right to
build any proposed canal through Central
America.
Roosevelt’s Diplomacy (cont.)
• On November 3, 1903, Philippe Bunau-Varilla’s
forces revolted against Columbia.
– Within a few days, the United States
recognized Panama’s independence, and the
two nations signed a treaty allowing the canal
to be built.
• To address the problem of European powers
exploiting Latin American debt, Roosevelt gave
an address to Congress known as the
Roosevelt Corollary.
Roosevelt’s Diplomacy (cont.)
• Roosevelt’s successor, William Howard Taft,
believed that if American business leaders
supported Latin America development,
everyone would benefit.
– Taft’s policy came to be called dollar
diplomacy.
The Roosevelt Corollary and
Dollar Diplomacy, 1903–1934
Roosevelt’s Diplomacy (cont.)
– Administration officials also worked hard to
replace European loans with loans from
American banks in order to avoid
European intervention in
Latin America.
The Roosevelt Corollary and
Dollar Diplomacy, 1903–1934
Who expressed his political beliefs with
the saying, “Speak softly and carry a big
stick”?
A. William McKinley
B. William Howard Taft
C. Theodore Roosevelt
D. John Hay
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico
Wilson believed in “moral diplomacy”
and tried to encourage democracy in
Latin America.
Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico
• In 1911, widespread discontent in Mexico
erupted into revolution.
– Francisco Madero, a reformer who
appeared to support democracy,
constitutional government, and land
reform, led the revolution.
– In February 1913, General Victoriano
Huerta murdered Madero and seized
power.
(cont.)
Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico
• Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the
new government.
(cont.)
• In April 1914, American sailors visiting the
city of Tampico were arrested after entering
a restricted area.
– Although they were released, Wilson saw
Mexico’s refusal to apologize as an
opportunity to overthrow Huerta.
Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico
– Venustiano Carranza became Mexico’s
president, but Mexican forces were not
appeased.
(cont.)
– In March 1916, Pancho Villa and a group
of guerrillas burned the town of
Columbus, New Mexico, and killed 16
Americans.
– Wilson sent 6,000 troops under General
John J. Pershing to capture Villa, but later
recalled them.
Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico
(cont.)
• During Wilson’s presidency, his hope of
leading the world by moral example was not
realized.
Wilson was hoping not to deal with
which issue while in office?
A. Foreign affairs
B. Domestic policy
C. The economy
D. Education
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Causes of American Imperialism
• The United States wanted new
markets for its products,
particularly its manufactured
goods.
• Many Americans believed it was
the destiny of the United States
to spread its power and civilization
to other parts of the world.
• American leaders believed that having a powerful navy
and controlling trade were key to being a world power.
Effects of the Spanish-American War
• Cuba officially became an
independent nation, although
the United States claimed
control over its foreign relations
and exerted influence over
internal politics.
• The United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and
the Philippines.
• Americans debated the morality and wisdom of
becoming an imperial nation.
• The United States fought a three-year war to secure
control over the Philippines.
The United States Acts As a World
Power
• The United States used diplomatic
means to establish the Open Door
policy in China.
• President Theodore Roosevelt
negotiated a peace agreement
between Russia and Japan.
• The United States completed construction of the Panama
Canal.
• The United States intervened; with the intent to provide
stability, in the affairs of several Caribbean nations.
• The United States twice intervened in the lengthy Mexican
Revolution.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
Why It Matters
Cause-and-Effect Transparency
Unit Time Line Transparency
Select a transparency to view.
imperialism
the actions used by one nation to
exercise political or economic control
over a smaller or weaker nation
protectorate
a country that is technically
independent but is actually under the
control of another country
expansion
the act or process of increasing or
enlarging the extent, number, volume,
or scope
conference
a meeting of two or more persons for
discussing matters of common
concern
yellow journalism
type of sensational, biased, and often
false reporting for the sake of
attracting readers
autonomy
the quality or state of being selfgoverning
jingoism
extreme nationalism marked by
aggressive foreign policy
intervene
to get involved in the affairs of
another
volunteer
one who offers service willingly
sphere of influence
section of a country where one
foreign nation enjoys special rights
and powers
Open Door policy
a policy that allowed each foreign
nation in China to trade freely in the
other nations’ spheres of influence
dollar diplomacy
a policy of joining the business
interests of a country with its
diplomatic interests abroad
guerrilla
member of an armed band that
carries out surprise attacks and
sabotage rather than open warfare
access
freedom or ability to obtain or make
use of
tension
act of stretching; stiffness; mental
strain
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