Chapter 4
Ancient Greece 2000 BC - 133 BC
Western Civ.
**Basis for European & American Civilization
I. Geography
A. Balkan Peninsula
B. Aegean Sea - separates Greece from Asia Minor
C. 1/4 land farmland: olives & grapes main crops
D. Good Harbors
E. Peloponnesus peninsula of southern Greece
F. Attica northern peninsula
G. Mountains (3/4th mainland)
isolated Greek city-states
H. Mediterranean Sea * world’s largest inland sea
II. Minoan Civ. 2000 BC
A. Island of Crete *1st Greek Civ. dev.
B. Minos *Legendary King of Crete
Labyrinth maze
Minotaur “Bull of Minos” 1/2 man & 1/2 Bull
Theseus *killed Minotaur
C. Knossos Palace City of Crete
Sir Arthur Evans *discovered Minoan civ. 1898
Frescoes wall paintings on plaster
Bulls *represented earthquakes
Minos Throne
D. Minoan Civ. collapsed 1400 BC
Volcanic explosion - invasion Greek mainland?
III. Mycenaean Civ. 1600 BC - 1100 BC
A. Invasion of Greek mainland 2000 BC
Indo – European
B. Conquered Minoan Civ.
C. Trojan War 1250 BC?
Mycenaean's vs. Troy
Paris Trojan Prince kidnapped
Helen of Troy wife of King of Sparta
King Agamemnon - Greek leader Trojan War
Trojan Horse
10 years of war Mycenaeans destroyed Troy
D. Homer *blind Greek poet 750 BC
2 Epic Poems:
Iliad
Achilles -hero of Greek mythology
Odyssey
Adventures of Odysseus
Greek warrior return after Fall of Troy
Arete: Hero strives for excellence
Ideals: Courage & Honor
E. Henry Schliemann 1870
proved Troy really existed?
Agamemnon
Death Mask
IV. Dark Age 1100 BC - 750 BC
A. Dorian’s *barbaric Greek tribe *evolve into Spartans
conquered Peloponnesus & Crete
*period of decline
B. Ionian’s Attica - Athens
Greeks settled western Asia Minor
(modern Turkey)
V. Greek City-States
A. Polis (Politics) *Greek city-states
Athens & Sparta: Leading Greek City-states
B. Hella **Greeks called their land
Hellenes *Ancient Greeks called themselves
C. Graeci = Latin for Greece
D. Polis Characteristics
1. Small Population
Citizens *adult males 18 *born in city
Athens: 43,000 citizens 300,000 total people
2. Small Size
Athens: 1000 Sq. miles
Sparta *largest city-state 4000 sq. miles
3. Acropolis (High City) *hilltop fortress
center of gov. & daily life / temples honor gods
4. Agora *marketplace
E. City-State Governments
1. Monarchy ‘’Age of Kings”
*Dark Ages
2. Aristocracies “rule by the best”
owned most land 700 BC - 650 BC
3. Tyranny 650 BC - 500 BC
gov. by an individual, power by force
control Army Champion of People
ex. Sparta
4. Democracy *gov. by citizens
Athens: 508 BC **worlds 1st Democratic Gov.
VI. Athens
Athena *Patron God of Athens
*Olive Tree - gift to Athens
vs.
Poseidon Horse gift to Athens (pool of sea water)
A. Athenians descendants of Mycenaeans
B. Attica - peninsula Athens located
unified Polis 700 BC
C. Foundations of Democracy
1. Draco *1st King 621 BC
2. Solon “The Law Giver” 594 BC
abolished debtors slavery
aristocracy gov.
3. Pisistratus Tyrant seized power 560 BC
Champion of People gave land to poor
Pisistratus
Solon
4. Cleisthenes *intro. foundations of Democracy 508 BC
Athenian Assembly
law making body / all male citizens
Council of 500
ran everyday gov. & elected officials
Tribes voting districts of Athens
10 Tribes 50 members from each Tribe elected
10 Generals elected to run Army & Navy
Ostracism 6000 votes exile from Athens 10 years
D. Athenian Citizenship
Citizen native born Athenian males
age 18 / oath to defend city
2 years military training
Education - ages 8 - 18
Grammar
Music
Rhetoric art of public speaking
History
Religion
Philosophy
Sound mind & well trained body Sports & Gymnastics
Women no political or legal rights /no formal education
Aspasia *1ST Lady of Athens
fought for education
freedom for Athenian women
VII. Sparta
A. descendants of Dorian
settled valley of Laconia - Peloponnesus 1150 BC
B. Militaristic State *greatest of Greek fighters
“The art of war was the Spartan ideal.”
C. Spartan Gov.
2 Kings led army
Ephers 5 overseers elected to run daily gov.
Council of Elders “Garosia” (supreme Court)
28 men over 60 proposed laws
Assembly of Citizens
all Spartan men over 20 passed laws
D. Spartan Way of Life
Age 7 boys lived: Military Barracks (Agogy)
*brutal discipline
Age 20 marry
Cadets ages 20 - 30
Hoplite Spartan warrior
Kryptaia elite secret police kill Helots
Equals granted citizenship age 30
military career ended age 60
Spartan Virtues:
Courage, Strength, & Endurance
E. Spartan Social Class
1. Citizens “Equals” 25,000
2. Perioeci “Free People”
non Spartan Greeks / artisans & merchants
3. Helots Slaves 250,000
declare war on slaves once a year
VIII. Persian Wars 492 BC – 479 BC
A. Cyrus II 546 BC
Persian king conquered Ionian Greeks
B. Athens navy aids Ionian Greeks 499 BC
Cyrus II
C. Darius I Persian Emperor
punish Athens
“Master, remember the Athenians!”
D. Battle of Marathon 490 BC
*Darius invaded Greece
Athenians win
* Athens finest hour
Miltiades *Athenian General
Miltiades
Pheidippides ran 26.2 miles
“Rejoice, we conquer!”
“Victory we win!”
Darius
Fleeing from Marathon
Burial Mound at Marathon
E. Themistacles Athenian leader
*strong Navy build fleet of ships
Trireme *Greek Battleship
F. Xeres (son of Darius) 480 BC
invasion force 100,000 - 200,000
*Athens & Sparta unite to meet Persians
Battle of Thermopyle 480 BC
Persians defeated Spartan force
100,000 vs. 300 Spartans
King Leonidas “Son of the Lion”
* Spartan General
Ephialties Greek Traitors pass
Tell the world O'Passer by that here,
Obeying orders 300 Spartan lie!
“Tell the world O’ Passer By.
That here obeying Orders 300 Spartan Lie!”
G. Battle of Salamis
* Athenian Navy destroyed Persian fleet
H. Battle of Platea 479 BC
*united Greeks defeated Persians
Battle of Platea – Battlefield today
Persian Wars: **Great turning point World History
Persian Culture would have became
basis of Western Civ.???
IX. Delian League
A. Defensive alliance of 140 Greek city-states
headquarters island of Delos
B. Athens *key city-state in alliance
X. Golden Age of Athens
Age of Pericles 461 BC – 421 BC
A. Pericles
*Greatest leader of Athens
Athens “School of Greece”
center of Greek culture
Parthenon 447 BC
* Temple built on Acropolis honor Athena
Statue of Athena
B. Direct Democracy
All citizens right to attend assembly & vote
43, 000 citizens
Athens abused authority Delian League
XI. Peloponnesian War 431 BC - 404 BC
A. Athens vs. Sparta
Athens held out walls of Athens
Plague of Athens 429BC
*1/3rd population killed
Hoplites *Greek foot soldiers
Phalanx *marching formation shoulder to shoulder
B. Battle of Aegospotami 405 BC
* Athenian fleet destroyed
*Sparta captured Athens 404 BC
Greece state of chaos:
Athen lost navy, empire
& democracy
XII. Philip of Macedonia 382 BC - 336 BC
Master of Greece *united Greeks 1st time
A. Macedonians warlike people Northern Greece
B. Battle of Chaeronea 338 BC
conquered Greeks
defeated Athens & Thebes
Wants to destroy Persia
Assassinated 336 BC
XIII. Alexander the Great 356 BC - 323 BC
King of Four Quarters of the World
A. Son of Philip M.
20 years old takes power
Student of Aristotle
Bucephalus *Alex. Horse
Gordian Knot *untied it became “Lord of Asia”
B. Battle of Issus 334 BC
*destroyed Darius III Persian Army
Persepolis (Persian Capital) burned to ground
C. 30 cities named after Alex.
ex. Alexandria at mouth of Nile
D. Death: Age 33?
Empire divided into 4 areas
Macedonia, Egypt, Syria, & Pergamum (Asia Minor)
E. Hellenistic Age 336 BC - 146 BC
era bt. death of Alex. & Roman conquest
Hellenistic spread of Greek Culture
blend of Eastern & Western cultures
XVI. Greek Gods
A. Mt. Olympus *home of gods
B. Zeus *King of Gods & Universe
C. Hera *Queen of Gods
“Protector of Women” “Goddess of Marriage”
D. Poseidon *God of Sea - brother of Zeus
E. Pluto “ The Unseen One”
Lord of Hades / brother to Zeus
Hades - Underworld (gray & gloomy)
Pluto
F. Athena *Goddess of Wisdom
Protector of Athens
G. Aphrodite *Love & Beauty
H. Apollo *God of light, music, & poetry
I. Hercules *Son of Zeus
J. Nike *Goddess of Victory
K. Ares * God of War
L. Dionysus *God of Theater Harvest & Wine
M. Apollo at Delphi
Oracles *Gods spoke through priests predict future
60 festivals that honor gods per year
N. Olympic Games 776 BC *1st held
Honor Zeus
Olive Leaves winners crowned
Olympic Stadium
Theodosius (Roman Emperor)
*banned Olympic Games 394 AD
Modern Olympics 1896
Pierre de Coubertin
XV.Greek Philosophers
A. Socrates “Father of Philosophy”
Teacher
469 BC- 399 BC
Philosopher “Lover of Wisdom”
Philosophy organized system of thought
“Know Thyself” *Socrates motto
(think for yourself & ask questions)
Thou shouldst eat to live; not live to eat.
Remember that there is nothing stable in human affairs; therefore avoid undue elation
in prosperity, or undue depression in adversity.
Socratic Method - find own answers to questions
“The unexamined life is not worth living”
Sophists - wise men of Athens
(Socrates criticized them & officials of Athens)
Accused of teaching false religion
Death: *Hemlock plant (poison)
B. Plato 427 BC – 347 BC
*greatest student of Socrates
“LOVE” *1st to discuss concept
The Republic 347 BC
*concept of an ideal gov.
ruled by philosophers
Concept of justice
Academy *Plato’s School area of learning park or stadium
C. Aristotle 384 BC- 322 BC
“Master of Those Who Know”
*Plato’s student
Scientist & philosopher
Classification of plants and animals
Politics *how gov. should work
Lyceum Athens
*worlds 1st scientific institute
XVI. Key Greeks
A. Herodotus *1st Historian
Histoia Investigation
book on Persian Wars
B. Pythagoras 560 BC – 480 BC
Pythagorean theorem sq. if a right triangle
C. Archimedes 287 BC – 212 BC
most famous Hellenistic scientist
Math- pi & use of levers
D. Zeno - philosopher
Stoicism happiness found by inner peace
E. Hippocrates “Father of Medicine” 460 BC- 377 BC
disease came for natural causes
not punishment from gods
Island of Cos *medical school