Strozzi4-2009.ppt 18.4.09
CSPP
Centre for the Study of Public Policy
PROBLEMS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE
IN AN EXPANDING EUROPE
PROFESSOR RICHARD ROSE FBA
Director, Centre for the Study of Public Policy
Istituto Italiano di Scienze Umane
Florence 27 April 2009
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2.
WHAT WAS EUROPE WHEN?
ALTERNATIVE 20th CENTURY DEFINITIONS OF EUROPE
♦1900: UNDEMOCRATIC MULTI-NATIONAL EMPIRES. E.g. Tsarist, Prussian,
Habsburg, etc.
♦1919: VERSAILLES TREATY: Undemocratic nation-states.
♦1948: IRON CURTAIN. Democratic nation-states = Western Europe
Socialist "democracy" = Eastern Europe in Soviet bloc
Mitteleuropa disappears
♦1989: BERLIN WALL FALLS. Central Europe re-appears. More nation-states
recognised. Democracy remains.
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3. WHAT PROBLEMS? WHAT SOLUTIONS?
•
*People: Vote out leaders, change coalitions.
•
*Institutions: Amend one or more features of constitution
•
*National income: Increase Gross Domestic Product
•
*Legacy of a Communist past: Celebrate freedom. Inter-generational change
•
*National culture: Wait hundreds of years
•
*Governance--relation between government and citizens.
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4.
THE EU’S COPENHAGEN STANDARDS OF GOVERNANCE
♦Democracy
♦Rule of law
♦Human rights and protection of minorities
♦Functioning market economy
♦Bureaucracy can administer acquis communitaire
CRITERIA ARE:
♦Consensual ideals
♦Multiple
♦Decided by external elites
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5. THE STANDARD OF PUBLIC OPINION
♦
A bottom up view from the grassroots
vs.
A top down view from Brussels
♦
Realistic differences
vs.
Consensual ideals
♦
Quantified, reliable
vs.
Imprecise
DATA: CSPP
New Europe Barometer/ Turkish Election Study 2007
See R. Rose, UNDERSTANDING POST-COMMUNIST TRANSFORMATION: A
BOTTOM UP APPROACH (Routledge, 2009, paperback)F
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6. THRESHOLD FOR EU ADMISSION, 2004
How citizens of 8 formerly Communist countries evaluated their governance
Lowest reply
*Overthrow of political regime unlikely
83% Poland
*Do you think people like yourself are treated equally and fairly?
19% Hungary
*Respect of government for human rights
42% Czech R
*Getting by economically without borrowing, spending savings
59% Poland
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7. ENLARGEMENT COUNTRIES: WHAT THEIR CITIZENS THINK
Popular evaluation of citizens by Copenhagen criteria
Turkey
No threat overthrow govt.
Bulgaria Romania Croatia
(percent)
89
87
87
People treated equally
19
28
45
53
Respect for human rights
45
30
51
65
Coping economically
68
56
na
72
All applicants at or above the 2004 threshold
Source: New Europe Barometer, 2004/5' Turkish Election Study, 2007
89
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8. CORRUPTION, A CHALLENGE TO SOME OLD AND NEW EU MEMBERS
Transparency International Corruption Index
Old EU members 10 Highest integrity
New EU members
Denmark, Finland 9.4
Sweden 9.3
Netherlands 9.0
Luxembourg, United Kingdom 8.4
Austria 8.1
Germany 7.8
OLD EU 15 MEAN 7.6
Ireland 7.5
France 7.3
Belgium 7.1
Spain 6.7 6.6 Slovenia
Portugal 6.5 6.5 Estonia
5.8 (Malta)
5.3 Hungary, (Cyprus)
Italy 5.2 5.2 Czech Republic
5.0 MEAN OF NEW EU
4.9 Slovakia
Greece 4.6 4.8 Latvia, Lithuania
4.2 Poland
4.1 Bulgaria
3.7 Romania
1 Most corrupt
Source: Transparency International, TI Corruption Perceptions Index 2007,
www.transparency.org. Accessed 20 May 2008.
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9.
PROBLEMS OF MULTI-LEVEL AND MULTI-FUNCTIONAL GOVERNANCE
Democracy essential
COUNCIL OF EUROPE: 41 members. Democratic governance and freedoms, subject
to occasional political pressures.
EUROPEAN UNION: 27 members. Democratic governance and single Europe market.
Money
EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK: 12 members. Common currency, interest rates
EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: 61 countries
financing development from Central Europe to Central Asia + Turkey.
Guns
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): 26 members + ? American-led security
alliance against Soviet Union.
OSCE (Organization for Security & Cooperation in Europe). 55 members from Albania
to USA and Uzbekistan. Conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict
management in Europe.
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10.
CLUSTERS OF INSTITUTIONAL INTERDEPENDENCIES
♦DEMOCRACY, MONEY & GUNS. Some old member states of European Union, e.g.
ITALY, France, Germany and Benelux countries are all in EU, ECB, and NATO.
♦DEMOCRACY & MONEY (belong to EU and ECB) but NO GUNS (Not NATO).
Austria, Finland, Ireland.
♦DEMOCRACY & GUNS (EU and NATO) but not in Eurozone. Britain, Denmark,
+ new EU member states which are supposed to join Eurozone
♦DEMOCRATIC but outside EU and ECB: Norway (in NATO). Switzerland (outside
NATO)
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11.
BALANCING NATIONAL, EUROPEAN AND GLOBAL INTERESTS
♦OECD. Includes Japan, Australia, Korea, USA, Mexico and Turkey.
♦WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. Global in scope. Alliances very sensitive to
products, e.g. grain, cheap textiles, steel as well as geography.
♦INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. A central banker to central banks from Britain
to the poorest countries.
♦WORLD BANK. Economic aid for middle and low income countries promoting
economic growth and human development. Becoming concerned with governance.
♦UNITED NATIONS. Median member state is partly free. No economic powers.
Security council vetoes limit peace-keeping role.