ADVANCED BIOLOGY
WINTER 2013
PICTURE #1
 PICTURE
#2
 Write
down the first thing that comes to
your mind when you hear the word:
FITNESS
- What does it mean to be physically fit?
- What about emotionally fit?
- How can you observe fitness? Can you
quantify it?
 Dictionary
 The
Definition:
genetic contribution of an individual
to the next generation’s gene pool
relative to the average population,
usually measured by the number of
offspring or close kin that survive to
reproductive age.
 Dictionary
Definition:
 TRANSLATED: The
ability of an animal to
survive and reproduce, passing on their
genes. The higher the fitness, the better
an animal’s offspring survives.
 MISCONCEPTION:
with strength.
does NOT have to do
Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) studied finches on the Galapagos Islands and saw that their
beak size determined what they ate, where they lived, and the ecological niches they lived
in. He realized that the animals ability to survive helped increase their fitness and later on
he coined the term natural selection. Because these birds could adapt to their environment
and pass on their genes, they would fill niches and outcompete other species, eventually
leading to their continuous survival leading to the saying:
Survival of the Fittest.
 The
sum total of an organism’s utilization of the
biotic and abiotic resources of its environment.
 The
sum total of an organism’s utilization of the
biotic and abiotic resources of its environment.
LIVING FACTORS
 The
sum total of an organism’s utilization of the
biotic and abiotic resources of its environment.
NON-LIVING FACTORS
 What
are the niches for each organism?
 What
are the niches for each organism?
Take
a few minutes to write
down a few relationships that you
have had.
Quickly
write down a few
relationships that you have had.
Share
with the person sitting
next to you. For each relationship,
describe who/what got the most
out it.
 Symbiosis: an
interaction between two
or more different organisms living
closely.
 Obligate
symbiosis: Both organisms
depend on each other for survival.
 Facultative
symbiosis: They can, but do
not have to live with the other organism.
 Symbiosis: an
interaction between two
or more different organisms living
closely.
 Obligate
symbiosis: Both organisms
depend on each other for survival.
 Symbiosis: an
interaction between two
or more different organisms living
closely.
 Obligate
symbiosis: Both organisms
depend on each other for survival.
 Facultative
symbiosis: They can, but do
not have to live with the other organism.
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism
4. Amensalism
A
relationship in which BOTH species
benefit, with respect to their fitness.
A
relationship in which BOTH species
benefit, with respect to their fitness.
 Increasing
or improving their ability to
reproduce and rear offspring.
A
relationship in which BOTH species
benefit, with respect to their fitness.
 Examples:
-
Red Billed Oxpecker and Impalas
 - Bees and Flowers
 - Intestinal Bacteria and Ungulates
 Ungulates
= cows, goats, deer
Reticulum
(honeycomb bag)
Where the microorganisms are.
 In
the following video, watch for both
symbiosis and competition between
pollinators and the flowers as resources.
 http://www.ted.com/talks/louie_schwart
zberg_the_hidden_beauty_of_pollination
.html
 Start
at 3:22
A
relationship in which ONE species
benefits, with respect to fitness, and one
is not affected.
A
relationship in which ONE species
benefits, with respect to fitness, and one
is not affected.
 Increasing
or improving their ability to
reproduce and rear offspring.
A
relationship in which ONE species
benefits, with respect to fitness, and one
is not affected.
 Examples:
-
Barnacles on pretty much anything
 - Cattle Egret on Cows
 - Remora Shark Hitching a Ride
 Sucker
on
the top of
their head
to ride with
whales or
to feed off
leftovers
the others
left behind.
A
relationship in which one species is not
affected or harmed, while the other is
negatively affected, with respect to
fitness.
A
relationship in which one species is not
affected or harmed, while the other is
negatively affected, with respect to
fitness.
 Decreasing
or reducing their ability to
reproduce and rear offspring.
A
relationship in which one species is not
affected or harmed, while the other is
negatively affected, with respect to
fitness.
 Examples:
-
Penecillium (mold) and other bacteria.
 - Black Walnut tree
The roots secret a chemical that kills other plants near its
root zone.
The mold Penicillium secrets a chemical (penicillin) that
kills other bacteria – used in a lot of antibiotics.
A
relationship in which one species
benefits at the expense of the other, with
respect to fitness.
A
relationship in which one species
benefits at the expense of the other, with
respect to fitness.
 The
parasite increases or improves their
ability to reproduce and rear offspring,
by decreasing or reducing the other’s.
A
relationship in which one species
benefits at the expense of the other, with
respect to fitness.
 Examples:
-
Phorid Flies v. Leaf Cutter Ants
 - Intestinal parasites (hookworm)
 - Cordyceps fungus
 Cordycepse
fungus making zombie ants.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjB
IBBAL8
Type of Interaction
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Amensalism
Competition
Effect on Species #1
Effect on Species #2
Type of Interaction
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Amensalism
Competition
Effect on Species #1
+
Effect on Species #2
Type of Interaction
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Amensalism
Competition
Effect on Species #1
+
Effect on Species #2
+
Type of Interaction
Effect on Species #1
Mutualism
+
Commensalism
+
Parasitism
Amensalism
Competition
Effect on Species #2
+
Type of Interaction
Effect on Species #1
Effect on Species #2
Mutualism
+
+
Commensalism
+
none
Parasitism
Amensalism
Competition
Type of Interaction
Effect on Species #1
Effect on Species #2
Mutualism
+
+
Commensalism
+
none
Parasitism
+
Amensalism
Competition
Type of Interaction
Effect on Species #1
Effect on Species #2
Mutualism
+
+
Commensalism
+
none
Parasitism
+
-
Amensalism
Competition
Type of Interaction
Effect on Species #1
Effect on Species #2
Mutualism
+
+
Commensalism
+
none
Parasitism
+
-
Amensalism
none
Competition
Type of Interaction
Effect on Species #1
Effect on Species #2
Mutualism
+
+
Commensalism
+
none
Parasitism
+
-
Amensalism
none
-
Competition
Type of Interaction
Effect on Species #1
Effect on Species #2
Mutualism
+
+
Commensalism
+
none
Parasitism
+
-
Amensalism
none
-
Competition
-
Type of Interaction
Effect on Species #1
Effect on Species #2
Mutualism
+
+
Commensalism
+
none
Parasitism
+
-
Amensalism
none
-
Competition
-
-
 Because
competition can be taxing on
both organisms, it can be said that it has a
negative effect on both species involved.
 Think
about the relationships you wrote
down earlier with a partner.
Take a few minutes to write down what
kind of symbiosis they were.
 Think
about the relationships you wrote
down earlier with a partner.
Discuss with your partner the types of
relationships that you have.
 Think
about the competitions you wrote
about last week.
Were any symbioses were shown in those
competitions?
 http://classes.entom.wsu.edu/529/IntraC
ompet.htm (Alan Berryman)
 Wikipedia