1. Medieval Mindset
- People were scared
- thought God was punishing them
2. Black Death- social/economic/political
- People were afraid to socialize because of the threat of getting the plague
- The economy was ruined by the plague
3. Causes of Black Death
- bacteria in fleas
- Famine of 1315
- rat population went down
4. Results of Black Death
- Human population was low for a long time
- killed 30-60 % of population
- Workers get more rights, because so few of them
1. Origins or Renaissance
- Italy was trading center between Europe and the East
- The Crusades brought people from all around and they shared ideas
- Merchants and bankers buying libraries and works of art; patronage
- Italians were surrounded by remnants of ancient Roman culture
2. -isms of Renaissance
- Indivisualism- man can shape his own destiny
- Humanism- humans are the center of the universe
- Classicism- revival of of interest in ancient Greece and Rome
- Skepticism- humans began to ask questions and challenge authority and tradition
- Secularism- life on earth was more important than the afterlife
3. Reformation
- Martin Luther created new church and seperated from Catholic Church
- Protestantism- in order to achieve salvation, people needed to have an inner faith in God and
the belief that he would save them.
4. Castigilone
- Author of "The Book of the Courtier", talked about renaissance polite society
5. Indulgences
- Person could buy these from church and would be forgiven of a sin, according to the church
Thomas More- An English lawyer,social philospopher,writer and statesman who critcized socity. He was
a noted Renaissance humanist.More coined the word "utopia" – a name given to an ideal and
imaginary nation, the political system described in Utopia was published in 1516.
Perspective-An artistic technique of depicting volumes and space relationships between lines on a flat
surface.
Erasmus- Was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Cathloic priest, social critic, teacher and early enthusiast
of religious toleration.
Martin Luther- Was a monk who disagreed with many of the Catholic Church's doctrines. He broke away
from the church and started the Protestant faith.
- wrote the 95 Theses that outlined his doctrines and attacked the Pope
- started the Protestant faith and broke from the church
- excommunicated by Pope Leo X and refused to recant at the Diet of Worms
Gutenberg- invented the printing press
95 Theses- written by Martin Luther
- criticised the church and the Pope
- called for Germans to follow him
Newton- developed laws of motion and universal gravitation
Treaty of Tordesillas- the pope divided the seaborne empires of Spain and Portugal
by drawing a line west of Cape Verde Islands
Ptolemy: Created the Geocentric Theory (Earth is in the center of the solar system and everything else
revolves around it)
Anglican Church: The break between England and the RCC was cause by King Henry VIII; it was a political
move on the King's part, not religious. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife since she had not produced
a male heir; the RCC forbade divorce, but the Pope could make exceptions. Pope Clement VII refused
Henry's request. Henry created the Church of England, with the English monarch as head.
Diet of Worms: Martin Luther refused to renounce his ideas at the Diet of Worms. Caused protests to
spread in northern Europe.
Art of the Renaissance: Depicted religious and nonreligious subjects; realism and perspective; depicted
rugged Italian countryside
Heliocentric theory: the theory that the sun is the center of the universe
Geocentric theory: the theory that the Earth is the center of the universe
Galileo: He found that the sun was the center was the universe. He used the telescope for his
research.
During the scientific revolution, people started questioning ancient beliefs and began using
mathematics
Copernicus discovered ancient writings that the Earth went around the sun and created the
heliocentric theory.
Descartes - established method of deductive reasoning; wrote Discourse on Method; (he believed
the fact that he could think proved his existence, hence, "I think therefore I am" - cogito ergo
sum
Protestantism - Catholic church's response to the Protestant faith was to revive a more spiritual
outlook on themselves. Their main objective was to slow the spread of Protestantism.
Mapmaking in the Renaissance – didn’t know about the Americas until 1492; unsure of Africa’s
length until early 1500s
Slavery - existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans; Portuguese replaced European
slaves with Africans. There were 275,000 African slaves shipping to other countries; 10,000
were shipped to the Americas.
Absolute Monarchy/ Divine Rights of Kings- Medieval kings who claimed that they had been
chosen by God and were his representatives on Earth.
Conquistadors- were an adventurer or conqueror, one of the Spanish conquerors of the New
World in the 16th century.
Hernan Cortes Became allies with some of the natives but used force to conquer Mexico
 Took the Aztecs by surprise by taking Montezuma hostage and ordering his soldiers to raid
the city.
 Fled for a short while due to Spanish troops trying to arrest him for going against orders
but later returned and took the city into his control.
Fernando Pizarro Sailed to Peru in 1530, where he then proposed a meeting with Atahuallpa.
 Pizzaro sent a priest into town where he then tried to convert them to Catholicism, they
denied burned the bibles.
 He declared war upon them.
 He took Atahuallpa as his prisoner said he’d release him for a room full of gold and silver
but in the end strangled him and then they won the war.
Reasons for Colonizing
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Crusades -> by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
Renaissance -> curiosity about other lands and people
Reformation -> Refugees and missionaries
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
Technological advances
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GOD, GOLD, AND GLORY.
Columbian Legacy- Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the new world left behind a legacy. For example,
this lead to the Columbian exchange which consisted of the exchange of mainly tomatoes, potatoes,
maize, coffee beans, sugar cane, guns, horses, and diseases.
Enlightened Despotism- absolute rulers ruled according to principles of natural law
Prince Henry of Portugal- he was a Portuguese navigator (opened the school of navigation in 1419)
reasons for exploring: God, Glory, and Gold. Explored the west coast of Africa . However, Portugal lacked
the numbers and the wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean .
Corn and Potatoes- these crops were important to Europe because they diversified the food supply. The
brought over from the new world, and replaced the bread that many could no longer afford to buy.
Potatoes grow underground so the cold and weather cant damage them. In Ireland potatoes had taken
over as the new diet, replacing wheat. However, once mildew started to grow underground, it caused the
potatoes to mold and crumble, causing the Potato Famine.
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)- sailed for the British. Had 4 voyages in the years 1492, 1493, 1498,
and 1502 to 1504. Sailed southwest. On his first voyage he was the first ever to reach the new world
( North America ). This voyage caused the Columbian exchange which killed many Native Americans. He
hit Cuba and Hispaniola in 1498.
historiography: The study of historical writing
encomienda system: a grant by the spanish crown; A feudal system introduced by the spanish
when they conquered south and central america
Bartolome de Las Casas: Spanish colonist, priest, founder of a utopian community, and first
Bishop of Chipas: 16th century human rights advocate: Father of Imperialism and anti-racism:
activists for the right of native people.
Confucian Philosophy: provides the mainstream traditional Chinese values permeated throughout history with
its morals and political ideals playing dominant roles in most of ancient Chinese dynasties.
Opium War/ Causes and
results: a war between Great Britain and China. Began in 1839 as a conflict over the opium
trade and ended in 1842 with the Chinese cession of Hong Kong to the British, the opening
of five Chineseports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercialand diplomatic
privileges in the Treaty of Nanking.
Europe in China and Japan:
Britain inside China: The British wanted Chinese tea, they paid for it with cotton. The Chinese
demand for cotton was low because they had silk, but the British demand for tea was high.
Opium from India was traded by the British to the Chinese; this lead to rampant drug use in
China. The British were aggressive with their trade and were greedy for Chinese tea while the
Chinese were only willing to continue limited trading. The British won what was called the
Opium war and and received the Island of Honk Kong as a prize.
Japan began trade with Europeans and found their contact to be oppressive. Missionaries tried to
convert the Japanese to Christianity and destroyed Shinto temples. Tokugawa shogunate issued
the act of Seclusion: 1. All Japanese residing abroad shall be put to death. 2. Everything shall be
done to see that no Christian is survived by the descendants. 3. The Namban people and any
other people with evil titles...shall be incarcerated.
Natural Rights Theory:
the people have the right to overthrow any ruler who violates the social contract (people living
under government)
John Locke and Thomas Hobbes:
Hobbes opposed the English Civil war and any event that challenged royal authority. Locke
supported Parliament; the people have the natural right to overthrow any ruler who violates the
social contract.
Hobbes did not think much of man while Locke did. Both believed in natural law.
Limited Constitutional Monarchy:
A system of government where a monarch rules as the head of state but must rule under the
restrictions of a constitutions.
Puritans, Roundheads- (Parliamentarians) the supporters of the Parliament during England's Civil War
who fought againts the cavaliers.
Charles I, Cavaliers- (Royalists) the supporters of a royal Monarchy led by Charles I during England's
Civil War. They fought againts the Roundheads.
Oliver Cromwell- turned the monarchy into a republican commonwealth by overthrowing the thrown.
Englsh Civil War- armed fights between the Parliamentarians and the Royalist which ended with the
execution of Charles I.
Glorious Revolution- the overthrow of King James II. It brought William III and Mary II to power.
Restoration- the restoration of the English monarchy after the death of Oliver Cromwell. The
new king was Charles II, whose father was executed before Cromwell's rule. This restoration
brought the monarchy back to the original family line. Along with the restoration of the
monarchy was also restoration of the Church of England. Puritanism's influence had greatly
diminished at this point in time.
Bill of Rights- in 1689, this document was passed in England to officially declare the rights of
the citizens. This document was also put in place to limit the power of the monarchy, and hand
most of the power over to Parliament. Most of the rights mentioned in the document are similar
to the ideas of John Locke, a political writer who believed strongly in natural law.
Babington Plot- a plan devised by Catholics for the assassination of Elizabeth I, the Protestant
queen. After the assassination of Elizabeth I, her cousin, Mary Queen of Scots was to take her
place as queen. Once Elizabeth I heard of the plot, she imprisoned Mary Queen of Scots. Later,
Mary was beheaded for being involved in a plot against the queen.
Toleration Act- passed by Parliament in 1689 to allow Nonconformists to practice their
religions. This included multiple religions, but did not apply to Catholics.
Tories- conservative political group that had originally been the Cavaliers.The Tories favored
absolute rule. Their opponents were the Whigs.
Whigs- opposed the Tories and supported a constitutional monarchy. Whigs tended to be more
liberal than Tories.
Habeas Corpus Act: protected individuals from illegal arrest and unlawful imprisonment.
Enlightment: refers to either the eighteenth century in European and American philosophy, or
the longer period including the seventeenth century and the Age of Reason.
Salon: made up of men, philosophes and women, the salonneres, who played corresponding but
not equal roles. Their base was Parisian salons, where Networks of social and intellectual
exchange were developed to connect Paris, the capital of the Enlightment
Deism: the rational religion of the Enlightment.
Causes of the French Revolution: include many reasons such as financial difficulties, King
Louis XVI, the population division into three states, age of Enlightment and the troops/supplies
sent to aid the American revolutionaries.
Montesquieu- French writer famous for theory of separation of power into 3 branches
Results of French revolution- Napoleon took over, Congress of Vienna reverted back to pre1789
Voltaire- French Enlightenment writer who was the Father of the Enlightenment
Rousseau- French philosopher who believed in the social contract
Louis XV- King before Louis XVI, spent money like crazy and indebted the country
Declaration of Rights of Man--professed equality of all men and their right to take part in
government
Third Estate- commoners that made up 98% of the population. Group included
peasants, artisans, shopkeepers, bourgeoisie. Wanted each member in an estate to
vote and wanted a constitutional government that abolished tax exemptions of the
clergy and nobility.
Estates-General-all three estates combined to make up the French Parliament
Napoleon- military hero that became the emperor of France. Made a government for the
people and spread revolution with his Grande Armee. Abolished Nobility and feudalism.
After the loss of the Battle of Waterloo, he was sent to St. Helena where he may have
died from food poisoning.
Louis XVI- married to _Marie Antoinette at 20 years old and was king during the time
the government was deeply in debt. Was forced to leave _Versailles in 1788, was found
guilty of treason by the National Convention and was executed in 1793.
Reign of Terror the period of the Jacobin rule during the French Revolution, during which thousands of people
were executed for treason (Oct 1793--July 1794) Ended with the death of Robespierre
Bourgeoisie the middle class professionals, who were unhappy about the life of priviledge lived by the nobles
Moderates the group that was in the middle
Radicals rid France of monarchy and set up a republic
Conservatives wanted a government with a limited monarchy
National Convention: In 1792 they met and called an end to monarchy and established a
republic. There was a disagreement on how to end the monarchy. Two factions of the Jacobin
political club emerged called the urban Mountain and rural Girodins.
Bastille: The storming of the Bastille was a bloody fight that signaled the first victory of the
people of Paris against a symbol of the Ancien Regime.
Paris Commune: The group the radicals formed that organized an attack on the royal palace and
legislative assembly, and wanted an end to monarchy.
Guillotine: A device that was used to execute people and was considered a humane way to die.
Coup d’etat- A seizure of power by force.
Revolutionaries- A person engaged in political revolution.
Reactionaries- A person who holds such views.
Congress of Vienna- a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by
Austrian statesmen Klemens Wenzel Von Metternich.