WHAT HAPPENS TO LATENT
HEAT?
SINKS OF INSOLATION
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in
changing the temperature of the air.
SINKS OF INSOLATION
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in
changing the temperature of the air.
• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Energy used in
changing the temperature of the planet’s
surface (continents and oceans)
SINKS OF INSOLATION
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in
changing the temperature of the air.
• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Energy used in
changing the temperature of the planet’s
surface (continents and oceans).
• 3. LATENT HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing
the state of Water
WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air
exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns
(ADVECTION)
WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air
exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns
(ADVECTION)
• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold surface
water currents in oceans (2/3rd of global
surface. (ADVECTION)
WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air
exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns
(ADVECTION)
• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold surface water
currents in oceans (2/3rd of glabal surface.
(ADVECTION)
• 3. LATENT HEAT FLUX. Change of state of water vapor, liquid, solid (Condensation/Evaporation;
Freezing/Thawing) …. Precipitation (rain/snow)
TRANSFER OF LATENT HEAT
Formation of rain and snow redistributes latent
heat from point where evaporation took place
(Input of latent heat of fusion and latent heat
of vaporization).
To the place where cloud formation and
precipitation occurs (release of latent heat to
the environment).
HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM
WATER VAPOR.
• Cool the air!
HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM
WATER VAPOR.
• Cool the air!
• “Warm air can hold more moisture than cold
air.”
HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM
WATER VAPOR.
• Cool the air!
• “Warm air can hold more moisture than cold
air.”
• Clausius-Clapeyron
relationship
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-40
HOT FLORIDA AND AIR CONDITIONER!
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
HOT FLORIDA AND AIR CONDITIONER!
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Decline in
Temperature
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Decline in
Temperature (20°F)
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Decline in
Moisture
As Vapor
(18 g.kg-1)
Decline in
Temperature (20°F)
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Decline in
Moisture
As Vapor
(18 g.kg-1)
ENGLAND! Decline in
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
Temperature (20°F)
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
2
20
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Decline in
Moisture
As Vapor
(10 g.km-1)
ENGLAND! Decline in
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
Temperature (20°F)
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
2
20
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Decline in
Moisture
As Vapor
(10 g.kg-1)
TOO COLD TO SNOW?
Decline in
Temperature (20°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
Temperature (°F)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Decline in
Moisture
As Vapor
(1 g.kg-1)
TOO COLD TO SNOW?
Decline in
Temperature (20°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
Temperature (°F)
Saskatchewan
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Decline in
Moisture
As Vapor
(1 g.km-1)
PUT ON THE FURNACE!
20 below!
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
Temperature (°F)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Very, very low
Moisture content
Warm to 70°F in
the furnace
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
2
20
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Can now hold
more moisture
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
Moisture
Deficit
(19 g.
kg-1)
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
Moisture
Deficit
(19 g.
kg-1)
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???
GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???
Q. How to make air cooler?
GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???
Q. How to make air cooler?
A. Make it rise in the atmosphere and it will
Cool at the lapse rate! (Equation of state of
an ideal gas!)
Lapse rate = ~6.4°C/km
WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR
RISING (AND COOLING)?
That is where we will get condensation clouds
and precipitation.
WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR
RISING (AND COOLING)?
That is where we will get condensation clouds
and precipitation.
GLOBAL CIRCULATION PATTERNS –
WHERE IS AIR RISING IN TROPOSPHERE?
HIGH
Tropopause
45-60°N
LOW
LOW
30°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
0°
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45-60°S
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
1. Above the
migrating
equatorial Low
pressure.
Inter-tropical
Convergence Zone
June
December
HIGH
Tropopause
45-60°N
LOW
LOW
30°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
0°
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45-60°S
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
2. Above the Low
pressure zones at
45-60°.
Planetary Front
MID-LATITUDE~ PLANETARY FRONT.
And Seasonal Migration.
GLOBAL FURNACES???
GLOBAL FURNACES???
Q. How to make air warmer?
GLOBAL FURNACES???
Q. How to make air warmer?
A. Make it descend in the atmosphere and it
will cool at the lapse rate! (Equation of
state of an ideal gas!)
Lapse rate = ~6.4°C/km
WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR
DESCENDING (AND WARMING)?
That is where we will get evaporation, clear skies
and deserts.
WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR
DESCENDING (AND WARMING)?
That is where we will get condensation clouds
and precipitation.
GLOBAL CIRCULATION PATTERNS –
WHERE IS AIR DESCENDING IN TROPOSPHERE?
HIGH
45-60°N
Tropopause
30°N
1. Above the High
pressure zones at
0°
30°.
Sub-tropical 30°S
anticyclones
45-60°S
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Mojave
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Sahara
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Middle
East
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Gobi
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Atacama
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Kalahari
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Great
Australian
Troposhere
Fig. 2 The zonal height structure over ocean of observed climatological annual mean RH from
AIRS (2002–2007) (color scale), with model mean projected changes in cloud amount from the
CMIP3 model archive (contour lines, 0.5% intervals, dashed for cloud loss).
J T Fasullo, K E Trenberth Science 2012;338:792-794
Published by AAAS
HIGH
45-60°N
Tropopause
30°N
2. Above the Polar
High pressure zones.
0°
Polar “deserts”
30°S
45-60°S
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
BOREAL POLAR “DESERTS”
Estimate Annual Precipitation
Antarctica
mm
2”
4”
6”
8”
10”
12”
Gainesville 48”
GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS II ???
Q. How to make air cooler?
GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???
Q. How to make air cooler?
A. Make it rise by putting a barrier across
the path that the surface global winds
want to travel.
Orographic Precipitation
CENTRAL AIR
(Cooling and Heating)!!
CENTRAL AIR
(Cooling and Cooling)!!
Ocean
Continent
CENTRAL AIR
(Cooling and Heating)!!
Pressure Gradient
HIGH
LOW
CENTRAL AIR
(Cooling and Heating)!!
Pressure Gradient
HIGH Saturated
Air
LOW
CENTRAL AIR
(Cooling and Heating)!!
Pressure Gradient
HIGH
Forced to rise
and cool over
mountain chain
LOW
CENTRAL AIR
(Cooling and Heating)!!
Pressure Gradient
HIGH
LOW
AIR CONDITIONER!
Clouds and heavy
precipitation.
May be snow
CENTRAL AIR
(Cooling and Heating)!!
Pressure Gradient
Descending air,
warming, able to
hold more
moisture
HIGH
AIR CONDITIONER!
Clouds and heavy
precipitation.
May be snow
FURNACE!
Dry, evaporation,
clear skies
LOW
CENTRAL AIR
(Cooling and Heating)!!
Pressure Gradient
HIGH
W. Washington
Temperate
Rainforest
E. Washington
Near desert
Irrigation
LOW
WASHINGTON STATE
LOW
45-60°N
49°N
Cascade
Mountains
Olympia
Range
Olympia
Range
Cascade
Mountains
HIGH
30°N
49°N
LOW
45-60°N
WASHINGTON STATE
49°N
HIGH
30°N
49°N
LOW
45-60°N
WASHINGTON STATE
49°N
HIGH
30°N
49°N
LOW
45-60°N
WASHINGTON STATE
WINDWARD
LEEWARD
49°N
49°N
RAINSHADOW
HIGH
30°N
PERU
ANDES
PERU
LOW 0°
LOW 0°
ANDES
HIGH 30°S
HIGH 30°S
PERU
LOW 0°
HIGH 30°S
LOW 0°
HIGH 30°S
PERU
LOW 0°
HIGH 30°S
LOW 0°
HIGH 30°S
PERU
LOW 0°
LOW 0°
Sechura Desert
“Furnace”
Leeward
Rainshdow
HIGH 30°S
HIGH 30°S
PERU
LOW 0°
Sechura Desert
“Furnace”
HIGH 30°S
LOW 0°
Eastern Andes
“Air Conditioner”
Windward
Amazon headwaters
HIGH 30°S
Annual
Precipitation
Topography
Annual
Sunshine
2.5 hrs/day
4.7 hrs/day
WHAT ABOUT FLORIDA?
20 – 30° GLOBAL DESERTS! HELLO!
30°N
North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr
North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr
Warm
Current
(Gulf
Stream)
H
Cold
Current
(Canary)
North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr
Warmer
Moist
Air
H
Cooler
Air
Gulf of Mexico
FLORIDA
North Atlantic
WARM MOIST
TROPICAL AIR
Gulf of Mexico
WARM MOIST
TROPICAL AIR
FLORIDA
North Atlantic
20
40
Temperature (°F)
60
80
100
-40
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
5
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
-20
-1
0
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-20
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0
0
40
-40
Temperature (°C), Tc
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
WARM MOIST
TROPICAL AIR
Gulf of Mexico
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
Temperature (°F)
-40
WARM MOIST
TROPICAL AIR
FLORIDA
North Atlantic
20
40
Temperature (°F)
60
80
100
-40
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
5
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
-20
-1
0
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-20
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0
0
40
-40
Temperature (°C), Tc
Gulf of Mexico
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
Temperature (°F)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
FLORIDA
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
Temperature (°F)
60
80
100
-40
50
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
90°F
Temperature (°C), Tc
Gulf of Mexico
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
5
-20
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
FLORIDA
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
Temperature (°F)
60
80
100
-40
50
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
20
40
60
80
100
50
90°F
Temperature (°C), Tc
Gulf of Mexico
-1
Warmer
Air
(90°F)
Rises
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
40
0
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
5
-20
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
FLORIDA
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
Temperature (°F)
60
80
100
-40
50
3
30
2
20
1
10
Moist Sea Breeze
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
20
40
60
80
100
50
90°F
-1
Warmer
Air
(90°F)
Rises
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
40
0
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
5
-20
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
Moist Sea Breeze
Temperature (°C), Tc
Gulf of Mexico
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
FLORIDA
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
2
20
1
10
0
0
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Temperature (°F)
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
50
5
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
-40
-30
Moist Sea Breeze
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
90°F
Temperature (°F)
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
5
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
Moist Sea Breeze
Temperature (°C), Tc
Gulf of Mexico
Temps decline
as air rises –
Lapse Rate
-1
20
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
0
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-20
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
Temperature (°F)
-40
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
FLORIDA
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
Temperature (°F)
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
-1
20
1
10
0
0
-1
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
50
5
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
30
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
-40
-30
Moist Sea Breeze
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
90°F
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
5
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
Moist Sea Breeze
Temperature (°C), Tc
Gulf of Mexico
Temperature (°F)
-40
-1
0
2
Max Moisture Content
Declines - Condensation
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-20
3
40
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
Temperature (°F)
-40
50°F
10 ppt
H2O
5km up
4
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
50
5
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
FLORIDA
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
Temperature (°F)
20
40
60
80
100
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
Temperature (°F)
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
3
2
-1
40
30
20
1
10
0
0
-1
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
50
5
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
50°F
10 ppt
H2O
5km up
4
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
-40
-30
Moist Sea Breeze
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
90°F
Condensation releases
latent heat vaporization.
Warms air – Rises even
more, etc. etc.
Temperature (°F)
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
5
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
Moist Sea Breeze
Temperature (°C), Tc
Gulf of Mexico
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
50
5
-1
0
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-20
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-40
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
FLORIDA
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Temperature (°F)
CONVECTION
100
-40
50
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
Moist Sea Breeze
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
90°F
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
5
-20
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
4
3
40
30
2
20
1
10
Moist Sea Breeze
Temperature (°C), Tc
Gulf of Mexico
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
Temperature (°F)
-40
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
FLORIDA
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
FLORIDA AND S.E. NOT UNIQUE
Gulf
Stream
Brazil
Current
Kuro
Siwo
Mozambique
Current
E. Australian
Current
SAME PRINCIPLE – DIFFERENT
LATITUDE!
Alaska
Current
Gulf
Stream
?
WHY NOT CALIFORNIA?
Cold
California Current
Temperature (°F)
Temperature (°F)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
40
3
30
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
-1
5
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
60°F
15 ppt
H2
2
1
20
10
Saturation Vapor Pressure (k.Pa)
5
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
50
4
3
2
-1
50°F
10 ppt
H2O
5km up
Maximum Specific Humidity (g. Kg )
-40
40
30
20
10
1
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (°C), Tc
0
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Temperature (°C), Tc
20
30
40
Sea Breeze
North Pacific
CALIFORNIA
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
COLD CURRENT + ANTICYCLONE =
DESERT (Big time!)
California
Current
Humboldt
Current
Canary
Current
Benguela
Current
W. Australian
Current