1.
2.
3.
Get with your groups and be ready to
present your political cartoon!
Make sure you have all of your papers
(role sheets, written description, and
cartoon)
Get out your Expansion of President
Chart (with the five presidents).
Bell ringer
Presentation time!
Presidential Cartoons – On the back of your
worksheet:
• Which President?
• Summarize what is seen in political
cartoon.
• List the:
• Type of humor used
• List the symbols used
The Bureaucracy
The Invisible Government
Bureaucracy
• A large organization structured hierarchically to carry out
specific functions to make it more efficient
Bureaucrat
• A person who works for an organization, has defined
duties and responsibilities
Features of a Bureaucracy
• 1. Hierarchical authority – built on a pyramid with a
chain of command
• Benefits: speeds action, reduces conflict over decisions
Features of a Bureaucracy
• 2. Job specialization – bureaucrat has defined duties with a
precise division of labor
• Benefits: each person has own job and gains specialized skills
Features of a Bureaucracy
• 3. Formal rules – does work according to set of regulations
and procedures
• Benefits: decisions based on these, can do things even if people
leave
What is the federal bureaucracy?
The Federal Bureaucracy
The Federal Bureaucracy is:
4 million employees; 2.8 million are
civilians or “civil servants”
President only appoints 3% (patronage or
political appointments)
15 cabinet level departments
200+ independent agencies with 2,000+
bureaus, divisions, branches, etc.
Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal
Service, Veterans Administration
Bureaucrats at Work
Image of Bureaucracy
• People have a very negative image of government
bureaucracy—Why?
•
•
•
•
Faceless
Nameless
“red tape”
(Compare the agent at the DMV to a cell phone customer
service rep)
• (What do we think of when we think of a fireman)
• “…we expect bureaucracies not merely to expend maximum
effort in solving societal problems but to dispose of them
entirely, whether solvable or not.” Charles Goodsell
How is the federal bureaucracy organized?
The Federal Bureaucracy
The Federal Bureaucracy
Consists of
1. Executive Office of the President
2. Cabinet Departments
3. Independent Agencies
• Independent Executive Agencies
• Independent Regulatory Commissions
4. Government Corporations
• Department: agencies of cabinet rank
• Agency: refers to any governmental body. Identify a
major unit headed by a single administrator of nearcabinet status (Environmental Protection Agency)
• Administration: refers to any governmental body
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
• Commission: agencies charged with regulation of
business activities (Federal Communications
Commissions)
• Corporation/Authority: agencies that conduct businesslike activities (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
The Name Game
Federal Bureaucracy
President
Executive
Office
of the
President
(Ex: OMB, NSC)
Cabinet
Departments
(Ex: State, Defense)
Congress
Independent
Executive
Agencies
(Ex: CIA, NASA)
Government Corporations
(Ex: Amtrack, Postal Service)
Independent
Regulatory
Commissions
(Ex: FCC, SEC)
Organization of
the U.S.
Government
“No government ever
voluntarily reduces itself
in size. Government
programs, once
launched, never
disappear. Actually, a
government bureau is
the nearest thing to
eternal life we’ll ever see
on this earth!” Ronald
Reagan, 1964
Define bureaucracy
and explain the three
features of it.
Bell Ringer
The Executive Office of
the President
Why it matters?
• Composed of President’s closest advisors and several
support agencies.
• Chief executive’s right arm in the formation and
execution of nation’s public policies.
1. Purpose:
• Nerve center for entire executive branch
2. Why Critical:
• Presidents most trusted advisors
• Influential in determining national policy
3. How Helps:
• Advisors gather information in area of expertise and present
to the President
The White House Office
1. Purpose:
• Advises President on National Security
2. Why Critical:
• President consults with top advisors in group before making
most major steps in foreign affairs
3. How Helps:
• Help President formulate foreign policy based on
President’s priorities
The National Security
Council (NSA)
1. Purpose:
• Prepare federal budget submitted annually to Congress
2. Why Critical:
• Detailed work plan for conduct of government.
• Study organization and management
• Keeps President informed on other agencies
3. How Helps:
• Allocated to programs according to President’s priorities
• Helps take stand on legislation
Office of Management
and Budget
If you were an advisor to the
President in the National Security
Counsel how would you advise
the President to react to the
situation in the Ukraine? Explain
(3 sentences).
Bell Ringer
• Chief of
Staff:
• Dennis
McDonough
• Press
Secretary:
• Jay Carney
Current White House Staff
The Executive Departments
Why it matters?
• Fifteen executive departments carry out much of the
Federal Government’s work.
• The heads of these departments frequently meet with the
President and other officials as the Cabinet.
•
•
•
•
Headed by Secretary (or Attorney General)
Deputy Secretary aids Secretary
Divided into smaller units
Agencies have offices around country
Largest: Department of Defense
Newest: Department of Homeland Security
Organization
Organization of
Homeland Security
Agencies after 9/11
• Who is it?
• Group of advisors to the President
• 15 total heads of the Executive Departments
• Choosing Members:
• President appoints (confirmed by Senate)
• Factors: party, experience, abilities, gender, race
• Cabinet’s Role:
• Administrative head of one of the executive departments
• Together advisors to the president
The Cabinet
Secretary of Ag.
Thomas Vilsack
Secretary of Commerce
Penny Pritzker
Secretary of Defense
Chuck Hagel
Secretary of Energy
Ernest Moniz
Secretary of Education Secretary of Health/Human Services
Kathleen Sebelius
Arne Duncan
Secretary of Housing/
Urban Development
Shaun Donovan
Attorney General
Eric Holder
Secretary of Homeland Sec.
Jeh Johnson
Secretary of Labor
Thomas Perez
Secretary of Interior
Sally Jewell
Secretary of State
John Kerry
Secretary of Transportation
Anthony Foxx
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Eric Shinseki
Secretary of Treasury
Jack Lew
Do you believe the E.O.P or the
Cabinet are more influential in
helping the President make
decisions? Why?
Exit Ticket
How many current Cabinet
Departments do we have? Which
do you think has the biggest
influence on the President? Why?
Bell Ringer
Which agency are you doing?
What is one fact you have found
out about the agency?
Exit Ticket
Why are Independent Agencies
needed? List the three types and
define them.
Bell Ringer
Independent Agencies
Why it matters?
• 150 executive branch agencies are not located in 15
departments
• Some rival Cabinet departments in size of budget,
functions, and number of employees
•
•
•
•
Agencies don’t fit within departments
To protect agencies from political party pressures
Accident
Peculiar nature of functions
Why Independent
Agencies?
• Define:
• include most independent agencies
• organized like Cabinet departments
• But DO NOT have Cabinet status
• Examples:
• Civil Rights Commission, Federal Election Commission,
American Battle Monuments Commission, Citizens’ Stamp
Advisory Committee
Independent Executive
Agencies
• Define:
• Stand out because beyond reach of presidential direction
and control because structured by Congress
• 10 total agencies
• Created to regulate, or police, important aspects of the
nation’s economy
• Examples:
• Security Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Reserve
Independent Regulatory
Commissions
• Define:
• Within executive branch and subject to Presidential control
• Set up like a private corporation
• Run by board of directors with manager
• Produce Income that is put back into the business
• President selects with Senate confirmation
• Examples:
• FDIC, Post Office, Export-Import Bank of the U.S.
Government Corporations
• People who perform administrative work for government
• 2.7 million people – not appointed by the President, but hired
separately
• Development:
• Patronage: Giving jobs to supporters and friends (Jefferson)
• Spoils System: Giving offices and other favors of government to
political supports and friends (Jackson)
• Today:
• The Office of Personnel Management
• Central clearinghouse in federal recruiting, examining, and hiring
process
• Advertises for employees, examines those who apply, keeps
registers, and contacts potential employees.
Civil Service
Central Intelligence Agency:
Director - John O. Brennan
Consumer Product Safety
Commission:
Commissioner Bob Adler
Federal Communications
Commission:
Chairman Tom Wheeler
Environmental Protection
Agency:
Administrator Gina McCarthy
Federal Emergency
Management Agency:
W. Craig Fugate
Federal Election Commission:
Chairman Lee E. Goodman
Federal Trade Commission:
Chairwoman Edith Ramirez
National Transportation Safety
Board:
Chairman Deborah Hersman
Social Security
Admin.:
Commissioner
Carolyn W. Colvin
Federal Energy Regulatory Comm.:
Chairman Cheryl A. Lafleur
Nuclear Regulatory
Commission:
Chairman Allison
M. Macfarlane
National Labor Relations
Board:
Chairman Marc G Pearce
NASA: Administrator
Major Charles F. Bolden, Jr.
Peace Corps:
Director Carrie Hessler-Radelet
Civil Rights Commission:
Chairman Martin R. Castro
First, define what the civil
service is. Next, looking at
this chart, what can you
say about the profile of
civil service employees?
Bell
Ringer
What are the 15 Cabinet
Departments?
(List as many as you can)
Extra Credit
When is your:
Project Due?
Test?
Exit Ticket
Roles of the President –
Chief Executive:
Chief Diplomat:
Commander in Chief:
Chief of State:
Chief Citizen:
Chief of Party:
Chief Legislator:
Chief Administrator:
Presidential Qualifications –
Presidential Term/Term limits (22nd
Amendment) –
Pay and Benefits –
Succession –
25th Amendment
Presidential Succession Act of 1947:
Order of Succession:
Vice Presidency –
Roles
Electing the President –
Electors (amount needed):
Electoral College (positives and
negatives):
Powers of the President –
Formal:
Informal:
Executive Powers:
Ordinance Power
Executive Order:
Executive Agreement:
Executive Privilege:
Appointment Power
Removal Power
Judicial Powers:
Powers of Clemency
Reprieve
Pardon
Power of Commutation
Power of Amnesty
Legislative Powers:
Military Powers:
Diplomatic Powers
Treaties
Executive Agreements
How these powers have expanded:
Executive Office of the President:
Purpose
White House Office
National Security Council
Office of Management and Budget
Other agencies
Executive Departments:
Purpose
Growth
Criteria
Appointment
15 Cabinet Departments
Independent Agencies:
Purpose
Independent Executive Agencies
Independent Regulatory Commissions
Government Corporations
Civil Service:
Purpose
Patronage
Spoils System
Bureaucracy –
Office of Personnel Management
Define:
Bureaucrat:
Features of a Bureaucracy:
Differences between departments,
agencies, commissions, administrations,
and corporations:
Unit 4 – part 1 study guide