Key Concept 2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and
Exchange
. Much of this trade resulted from the demand for raw materials and l________ goods.
Land and water routes linked many regions of the E_________Hemisphere, while
somewhat later separate networks connected the peoples and societies of the
Americas.
I. Land and water routes became the basis for transregional trade, communication
and exchange networks in the Eastern Hemisphere, while somewhat later separate
networks connected the peoples and societies of the Americas.
NOTE: Students should know how factors including the climate and location of the
routes, the typical trade goods, and the ethnicity of people involved shaped the
distinctive features of the following trade routes.
A. Eurasian ________Roads
B. Trans-Saharan c_________routes
C. Indian Ocean sea lanes
D. Mediterranean sea lanes
II. New technologies facilitated long-distance communication and exchange.
A. New technologies (such as yokes, saddles or stirrups) permitted the use of
domesticated pack animals (such as horses, o______, l_______ or ca_______) to
transport goods across longer routes.
CONTRAST Med ships to IO ships
Innovations in maritime technologies, as well as advanced knowledge of the
monsoon winds, stimulated exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa
to East Asia.
Teach one illustrative example of innovations in maritime technologies, either
from the list below or an example of your choice:
• Lateen sail • Dhow ships
• Add east weast point from ap curriculum
Long banks of oars propelled the
Roman warship swiftly through
the water and into battle. Roman
cargo ships featured the same
distinctive square sails, but
warships often had additional
protective coverings to shield
them from fire and missiles.
The earliest evidence for domesticated ________ in the region about 7th cent BCE;
late centuries BCE special camel _________ developed.
Trans Saharan Trade
gold, ivory trade, and salt sent
north and east to population
centers in North Africa, the Middle
East and Europe in exchange for
glassware, cloth, ceramics etc
Although there are Classical
references to direct travel from the
Mediterranean to West Africa most
of this trade was conducted
through nomads (middlemen),
inhabiting the area and aware of
passages through the
Trans Saharan Trade and Carthage
Carthage founded c. 800 BCE,
one terminus for West African gold, ivory, and salt.
Even after fall of Carthaginian
Empire Trade continued into
Roman times.
III. Alongside the trade in goods, exchanges of people, technology, religious and
cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals and disease pathogens developed
across far-flung networks of communication and exchange.
A. The spread of crops, including rice and cotton from South Asia to the Middle East,
encouraged changes in farming and irrigation techniques (such as the development of
the q________t system in Persia).
B. The spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and contributed to
the decline of some empires (such as Rome or China)
C. Religious and cultural traditions were transformed as they spread including Chinese
culture, Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism.
AKA great vehicle bodhisattvas , revere e Buddha influence in China and Japan
Influential Trade Empires
Required examples of key states and empires (Student
should know the location and names):
• Southwest Asia: Persian Empires
• East Asia: Qin and Han Empire
• South Asia: Maurya and Gupta Empires
• Mediterranean region: Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek
city-states
and colonies, and Hellenistic and Roman Empires
• Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya city-states
• Andean South America: Moche
Unit 2 600 bce to 600 CE
What Unit is this?
What is the title? Hint it starts with a “c”
The Phoenicians (1500–300
The Phoenicians were masters of
the s_______. Their economy was
based on trade. Rather than moving
goods over the land in massive
caravans, the Phoenicians built
large sailing ships.
The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas
where previously there had been competing states.
Required examples of key states and empires (Student should know the location and names):
,. . . Mediterranean region: Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city-states and colonies, and Hellenistic and Roman
Empires
Hellenistic Era: Time period where Greek (and then Roman) culture
spread and blended with civilizations conquered by A__________
the __________.
The Hellenistic period is the period of ancient Greek and
eastern Mediterranean history between the death of
Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the
Greco-Buddhism,
cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism,
developed between the 4th century BCE and the 5th century CE
cultural consequence of a long chain of interactions begun by Greek
forays into India from the time of Alexander the Great, carried further by
the establishment of Indo-Greek rule in the area for some centuries, and
extended during flourishing of the Hellenized empire of the Kushans.
The convergence of Greco-Roman culture and
Buddhist beliefs affected the development of unique
sculptural developments.
The Buddha, in Greco-Buddhist
style, 1st-2nd century CE,
Gandhara (Modern Pakistan).
(Standing Buddha (Tokyo National
Museum)).
The Spread of Christianity
during 200-400 A.D
________’s Missionary Activities
Major Developments:
200 CE to 600 CE
Collapse of empire; Han china, western portion of
Roman empire, Gupta
Collapse of empire was more severe in _______
Europe than it was in the ________Med or China
SIMILARITIES
Several common factors caused H, R and G empires to fall:

Attacks from ___________ or migratory groups Their migration was probably caused
by drought and lack of pasture, and the invention and use of the s__________facilitated
their attacks on all three established civilizations.

Deterioration of political institutions - All three empires were riddled by political
___________during their latter days, and all three suffered under weak-willed rulers. Moral
decay also characterized the years prior to their respective falls.

Protection/maintenance of __________- which had grown so large that their military
had trouble guarding them. A primary example is the failure of the Great Wall to keep the
Huns out of China. The Huns generally just went around it.

__________that followed the trade routes - Plagues and epidemics may have killed
off as much as half of the population of each empire.
COMMON CONSEQUENCES
____________was disrupted but survived, keeping intact the trend toward increased
long-distance contact. Trade on the ________ _________even increased as conflict
and decline of political authority affected overland trade. (ooh ccot pt)
The importance of ____________increased as political authority decreased. In the
west religion, particularly______, developed authority in many areas of people's lives.
________also spread quickly in China, presenting itself as competition to Confucian
traditions.
DIFFERENCES in the effect of the fall
The fall of the Gupta probably had the least impact, partly because
political unity wasn't the rule anyway, and partly because the traditions
of _________ and the ________system continued on after the empire
fell.
The fall of the Han Dynasty –takes several 100 years before next
dynasty—but tho discredited, __________traditions continued to give
coherence to Chinese society. Nomads (as usual) adopted Ch ways
The most devastating fall of all occurred in the _______ part of the
Roman Empire. Roman civilization depended almost exclusively on the
ability of the government and the military to control territory. Even
though __________emerged as a major religion, it appeared so late in
the life of the empire that it provided little to unify people as Romans
after the empire fell. Instead, the areas of the empire fragmented into
small parts and developed unique characteristics, and the Western
Roman Empire never united again.
Hsiung-nu—pastoral nomads originate in the ________ lived
in areas that sedentary agriculture could not cuz not enuf
rain, incursions into China, Gupta and Rome, played major
role in rise and fall of empires in civilized cores—courage
culture, kin-related bands, honor, vendettas, men dominate,
short legged horses, some social stratification
The Fall . . .
The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created
political, cultural, and administrative difficulties that they could not
manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse and
transformation into successor empires or states.
A. Through excessive mobilization of resources, imperial governments
caused environmental damage (such as deforestation,
desertification, soil erosion or silted rivers) and generated social
tensions and economic difficulties by concentrating too much
wealth in the hands of elites.
B. External problems resulted from security issues along their frontiers,
including the threat of invasions. (such as between Han
China and Xiongnu; Gupta and the White Huns; or between
Romans, and their northern and eastern neighbors)
3
2
1
4
9
8
7
6
Teach one illustrative example of cities, either from the list below or an
example of your choice:
• Persepolis , • Chang’an • Pataliputra• Athens• Carthage• Rome•
Alexandria• Constantinople • Teotihuacan
3 4
9
2
8
7
5
1
6
Teach one illustrative example of cities, either from the list below or an
example of your choice:
• Persepolis (8) , • Chang’an (7) • Pataliputra•(6) Athens (3)•
Carthage (2) Rome (4)• Alexandria (5)• Constantinople (9) •
Teotihuacan (1)
The AMERICAs
UNIT ONE:
In Mesoamerica: O________ (about 1400-400 BCE)
In Andean South America: C________ (about 900-200
BCE)
UNIT TWO
In Mesoamerica: T________ and M_________
In Andean South America: M________
Oh Crap, those messy Mayans and make it go
UP (meso) DOWN (Andes)
Draw arrows to the correct places for the 6 Neolithic Civilizations
________
Olmec is a syllabic writing
system used in the Olmec
heartland from 900 BC- AD
450.
This is the earliest text written
in America, helps us to
understand the culture religion
and politics of the Olmec
The ___________ were a
civilization that developed in the
northern
__________ highlands of Peru
from 900 BC to 200 BC.
The site of
Chavín de
Huántar
Ancestors of the _______ ;
cultivators of the _______
UNIT TWO
• THOSE
– Messy
MAYANS
Teotihuacán
The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas
where previously there had been competing states.
Required examples of key states and empires (Student should know the location and names):
,. . . • Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya city-states
Cities served as centers of trade, public performance of religious rituals, and political administration for states and empires.
Teach one illustrative example of cities, either from the list below or an example of your choice:
• Persepolis , • Chang’an • Pataliputra• Athens• Carthage• Rome• Alexandria• Constantinople • Teotihuacan
How about: Oh crap those messy Mayans
Mayan
One of the largest cities of the world
• Started building approx 100 BCE; lasted until sometime between the 7th and 8th
centuries CE.
• At its zenith, Teotihuacan largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas.
• more than 200,000inhabitants
• multi-floor apartment compounds
Moche (Mochica) society
north Peruvian coastal desert
100-800 CE
The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political
unity on areas where previously there had been competing states. Required examples of
key states and empires (Students should know the location and names):
• Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya city-states Andean South America: Moche
• Developed a powerful elite and
specialized craft production
• instituted labor tribute*
payments.
• new technologies in metallurgy,
pottery, and textile production,
Royal Textiles
Concept 2.2, III
C. Imperial societies relied on a range of methods to maintain the production of food and provide
rewards for the loyalty of the elites.
Teach one illustrative example of such methods, either from the list below or an example of your choice:
• Corvee • Slavery • Rents and tributes • Peasant communities • Family and household production
City-__________ of Mayan Civilization
Classical era : 200-900 CE
The ruins of Palenque.
Codex
(Books)
Mayan Technology’s role in state building
Most lands occupied by the Maya were poorly drained lowlands with poor soil. To improve
agricultural production, the Maya constructed terraces, which trapped silt carried by rivers and
so retained rich earth for planting, thereby allowing their expansion and population growth.
RELIGIONS and Belief Systems
Belief Systems Chart
Unit II 2015-16
System
Basic Features
m/
nism
traditional belief systems; both consider
the entire universe to be alive and
interconnected. Animism: belief that a
soul or spirit exists in every object, even if
it was inanimate; no separation between
the spiritual and physical world;
Shamanism refers to a range of beliefs
and practices regarding communication
with the spiritual world; shamans are
intermediaries or messengers between the
human world and the spirit worlds; used to
heal and enlighten and obtain solutions to
problems afflicting the community. Don’t
really focus on god/s; oral practices
Belief in a number of deities. Each
god/goddess typically has responsibility
for one area of life. Sun God often most
prominent; some see gods as fierce,
punishing, others see as more tolerant of
human mistakes;
oral tradition
wide variety of practices; b/c practice
complicated, rise of priestly class
Brahman: supreme spirit permeates
everything; many gods (like V, S, B) but
all part of one; no central creed ; karma is
the sum of a person's actions in this and
previous states of existence, viewed as
deciding their fate in future existences ,
soul repeatedly goes thru a cycle of being
born in a body, dying and rebirth goal is to
escape and become ne with universal soul,
dharma is an individual’s duty; No single
source of authority, oral tradition imp.,
worship is personal, corporate worship not
as imp., caste system provides order
Books: Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad –
Gita
Religion is matter of practice, more than
belief.
Monotheistic—single omnipotent G--, has
special reln with Jewish people cemented
by covenant God made with Moses—
righteous G-obey g-ds laws shows love
and respect-promote ethics of prophets
Place of worship synagogue, leader of
religious community Rabbi, book:
Torah—especially first 5 books, 10
commandments, waiting for messiah
Individuals should attain enlightenment,
reach nirvana, all existence is Dukka, w/o
permanence and therefore suffering ,
equality, “honor others”, four noble truths
Eliminate greedy desire, follow a middle
path, 8-fold path
eism
sm
m
sm
Founder/imp
people
NA
NA
No single
founder
Role of Women
Priestesses, shaman
Female sprits like
dryads
Goddesses, earth
mother, fertility as
reflected in statues
of pregnant
goddesses, or
women with
exaggerated female
features.
Oracles, priestesses
Dharma for gender
Goddesses can be
credited with
beauty and wit
Spread/where apply by
600CE
origins in Paleolithic age
found in many indigenous
beliefs; blend with
monotheistic (e.g. Easter)
religions when they spread
B/c first religious belief find
in many places except where
these other religions take
hold; even when other
religions spread, see blend
Originated in Indus valley
with Aryan invasions maybe
about 2000 BCE “Vedic era”
By 600 spread to SE Asia, but
mostly concentrated in India
Not missionary
Abraham is
patriarch, God
calls to lead to
a new land
Moses cements
monotheism
Patriarchal , imp of
Jewish mother
Begins ME (Abraham born in
Ur, in Mesopotamia) to
Egypt, back to homeland,
Diaspora under Romans
Does not actively seek
converts so doesn’t spread as
much (not missionary)
Siddhartha
Gautama, lived
566-496
BCE—
awakening
under a tree
Women in
monasteries,
(Monastiacism!)
text says all equal
Founded by SG 6th cent
BCE in foothills of
Himalayas, spread by monks,
missionaries, trade and
empire, silk roads imp. In
China during Han (65CE) to
Towns in the Diaspora
The association of monotheism with Judaism was further developed with
the codification of the Hebrew Scriptures, which also showed reflected the
influence of Mesopotamian cultural and legal traditions. The Assyrian,
Babylonian and Roman empires conquered various Jewish states at different
points in time. These conquests contributed to the growth of Jewish
diasporic communities around the Mediterranean and Middle East.
B. The core beliefs outlined in the Sanskrit scriptures
formed the basis of the Vedic religions—often known
as_____________ which contributed to the development
of the social and political roles of a c__________ system
and in the importance of multiple manifestations of
B_________ to promote teachings about
rein____________.
'As a man casts off his worn-out clothes and takes on other new
ones, so does the [soul] cast off its worn out bodies and enter new
ones.' (Bhagavad-Gita 2:22)
IV. Other religious and cultural traditions
continued parallel to the codified, written belief
systems in core civilizations.
A. Shamanism and an__________ continued to
shape the lives of people within and outside
of core civilizations, because of their daily
reliance on the n__________ world.
B. A_______________ veneration persisted in
many regions (such as in Africa, the
Mediterranean region, East Asia or the
Andean areas).
Spread of Religions
Points … B out, thru China
SE Asia what?
C not in China, not yet
Spread of __________
Gupta Golden Age
•
•
"[Sugar cane] was brought to the [Indian] subcontinent during the B.C.E., era
but it was not until the Gupta period that someone in India discovered how to
reduce the juice of the sugar cane into crystallized sugar and thereby began an
industry that has played a significant role in history for more than a
millennium."
-Asia in Western and World History, by Ainslie T. Embree & Carol Gluck
Slavery in China
• Slaves (nuli 奴隸) comprised roughly 1% of
the population, a proportion far less than the
contemporary Greco-Roman world which
relied on the labor of a large slave
population. Slaves were classified into two
categories: those who were privately
owned, and those who were owned by the
state
3
2
1
4
9
8
7
6
Teach one illustrative example of cities, either from the list below or an
example of your choice:
• Persepolis , • Chang’an • Pataliputra• Athens• Carthage• Rome•
Alexandria• Constantinople • Teotihuacan
3 4
9
2
8
7
5
1
6
Teach one illustrative example of cities, either from the list below or an
example of your choice:
• Persepolis (8) , • Chang’an (7) • Pataliputra•(6) Athens (3)•
Carthage (2) Rome (4)• Alexandria (5)• Constantinople (9) •
Teotihuacan (1)
Which is which?
First Persian Empire ______________s– founded by Cyrus the Great (r.
558-530 BCE) created largest known empire
CLASSICAL CHINA
• Qin Dynasty 221202 BCE
Han Dynasty
202 BCE to 220 CE
...