EHS and Chemical Hygiene
Environment, Health and Safety
Environment:
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Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality
Energy Conservation
Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality
Water Conservation
Hazardous Materials Management
Waste Management
Noise
Contaminated Land and Remediation
Occupational Health and Safety
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General Facility Design and Operation
Communication and Training
Physical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Biological Hazards
Radiological Hazards
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Special Hazard Environments
Monitoring
Community Health and Safety:
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Water Quality and Availability
Structural Safety of Project Infrastructure
Life and Fire Safety (L&FS)
Traffic Safety
Transport of Hazardous Materials
Disease Prevention
Emergency Preparedness and Response
OSHA: Occupational Safety and
Administration
Health Act
• Created within the Department of Labor
– Law created in 1970
Under the OSHA act,
– encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace
hazards and to implement new or improve existing safety
and health standards;
– provide for research in occupational safety and health and
develop innovative ways of dealing with occupational
safety and health problems;
– establish "separate but dependent responsibilities and
rights" for employers and employees for the achievement
of better safety and health conditions;
OSHA (Cont’d)
– maintain a reporting and recordkeeping system to
monitor job-related injuries and illnesses;
– establish training programs to increase the
number and competence of occupational safety
and health personnel; and,
– develop mandatory job safety and health
standards and enforce them effectively.
How does a University Lab fall into this?
General Duty Clause:
The general duty clause states that each
employer shall furnish "a place of employment
which is free from recognized hazards that are
causing or are likely to cause death or serious
physical harm to [its] employees." In those cases
where a specific standard does not exist, OSHA
will use the general duty clause for the issuance
of citations and fines.
Legacy of the Past
Laboratory Safety Issues
• Employees - Safety
governed by
MIOSHA’s Chemical
Hygiene Plan
requirements
• Students - Doctrine
of Reasonable Care
applies
Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)
Purpose
Provide guidance and
protocols for the
protection of employees
from safety and health
effects of laboratory
hazardous materials.
Doctrine of Reasonable Care
• Duty - What would a reasonable person of ordinary prudence do
• Breach of Duty - Failure to conform to the legal duty (an act or failure to act)
• Causation - Breach causes the injury
– Direct act
– Proximate Cause
• Injury - There must be an injury
Examples of “Negligence” in the Laboratory
• Unclear or misunderstood instructions
• Instructions do not clearly warn of impending hazards
• Lack of safety equipment
• Assigned experiment was unnecessarily dangerous
• Instructor not adequately trained to supervise
Unclear or Misunderstood Instructions
“I must have misunderstood…..”
“He speaks a foreign language…..”
“I didn’t want to appear stupid…..”
“I don’t think the instructor is good at giving directions…..”
“I was in a hurry to finish…..”
Instructions do not clearly warn of impending hazards
“If it was so dangerous, why wasn’t I told…..”
“I don’t remember things until I hear them repeated…..”
“The book is unclear…..”
“I was just trying to see what happens…..”
“No one told me that ether fumes can spread so far…..”
Safety Training Steps
• Identify the safety concerns
• Restate your concerns
• Instructor informs you on the correct methods and safeguards
• Repeat information on correct methods and safeguards to yourself. Write in
lab notebook.
• Check to make sure there is understanding
Lack of safety equipment
• “We don’t require safety glasses all the time…..”
• “We do not have the resources to purchase gloves for everyone…..”
• “We can’t make them wear lab coats…..”
• “We have safety rules posted on the wall…..”
PPE
Personal
Protective
Equipment
PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
• Long pants required, no shorts.
• No neckties, dangling clothes or dangling jewelry.
• Long sleeve shirts recommended.
• Tie-up long hair to prevent from entanglement.
• Non-porous shoes, no sandals.
Face Protection
• Eye Protection
– Glasses
• side shields
• Z-87
– Goggles
• dusty, chemicals
• Face shield
Hand Protection
• Cloth/Leather
• Chemical
Proper steps for removing gloves
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How to Remove Gloves
HAND WASHING
• Hand washing is the single
most effective way to prevent
the spread of infections.
– Wash your hands often and thoroughly,
paying special attention to the area
around and under your fingernails.
– Wash Hands:
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Before and after eating.
After using the restroom.
After removing gloves.
Before leaving lab at the end of the lab
period.
– Gloves are not a substitute for routine
hand washing - rather an added
protection.
Respirators
• Escape
– 1 use or 1 year
• Filtering
– Fit test
– Fit check
• Supplied Air
– SCBA
Disposable Dust/Particulate Respirators
Special Clothing
• Aprons
• Coveralls
• Using Lasers
– dark glasses / shield
Head Protection
• Hard Hats
– Change liner every year
– New every 5 years
Safety Foot Wear
• Steel Toe
• Rubber or Chemical
Hearing Protection
• Plugs
• Muffs
• Custom fit
Material Safety Data Sheets
• When you are not sure
about a material - look
up the msds sheet.
DEFINITIONS
• Flammable: A substance having
a flash point below 100 degrees
Fahrenheit - easily ignited and
quick burning.
• Toxic: A substance which has
the capacity, through chemical
reaction or mixture, to produce
injury or harm to the body by
entry through absorption,
ingestion, inhalation, or injection.
• Caustic: A substance with the
capability of burning, destroying
or eating away organic tissue by
chemical reaction - Corrosive.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS
(MSDS)
• The MSDS is used by
chemical manufacturers
and vendors to convey
hazard information to
users.
• MSDS’s should be
obtained when a chemical
is purchased.
• A chemical inventory list,
and MSDS, for each
chemical are required.
READING THE MSDS
Information on the MSDS is organized in 8 sections as follows:
1 Identity The chemical name, trade name and
manufacturers name, address and emergency
phone number can be found here.
2 Hazardous Ingredients Hazardous ingredients
are identified here.
3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics,
Boiling/Melting point, vapor pressure and
density, water solubility, and appearance/odor
can be found here.
4 Fire Data Flash point, flammable limits,
extinguishing media, unusual fire/explosion
hazards, and any special fire fighting equipment
are listed here.
Reading the MSDS
8 Sections Continued
Utube video
http://www.
youtube.co
m/watch?v
=ZcghjHu6
0K4
5 Health Data Routes of entry
(inhalation, ingestion, etc…), effects
from short and long term exposure,
emergency and first aid procedures fall
in this section.
6 Reactivity Data Stability, incompatible
materials, hazardous decomposition are
among the topics in this area.
7 Spill or Leak Procedures You will find
clean-up procedures, waste disposal,
and precautions needed when
handling/storing materials here.
8 Spill Precaution Information Any
personal protective equipment (PPE),
ventilation, and work/hygiene practices
are noted here.
Risk Assessment
1. What are the harmful effects of the
material or process?
2. What form is it in?
3. What other dangers are involved?
4. How do the conditions of the
experiment allow the material to come
in contact with me or others?
Job Safety Assessment
•Used to determine hazards associated with a particular
experiment / procedure and to control the hazards.
• Side benefit: excellent method to organize experiment
and procedure prior to operation.
• Can be used as an appendix in thesis.
JSA – Page 1
Used to identify location of experiment.
JSA – Page 1
Provide a brief verbal description of what
this experiment is supposed to do.
JSA – Page 1
This should summarize all the personal protective equipment
required normally in the laboratory and PPE required for
this particular experiment. Equipment that is required all
the time (such as safety glasses) does not need to be listed on
each step of the JSA.
JSA – Page 1
Check all hazards that result due to this experiment.
Identify the one major source of the hazard.
JSA – Page 1
List the expected normal, minimum and maximum
values for the temperature and pressure.
JSA – Page 2
Check all special operating conditions.
List all equipment available within the laboratory and their
location. Show the locations on an attached floor plan.
JSA – Page 2
List the location of the spill response equipment. Show
location on an attached laboratory diagram.
JSA – Page 2
Provide all the attachments shown, and list any
additional attachments provided.
JSA – Page 3
List all chemicals (including reactants and products)
used for this experiment / procedure, and additional
information requested.
JSA – Page 3
Provide information on the chemical toxicology, regulation
and disposal. List personal protective equipment specific to
this chemical.
JSA – Page 3
Provide information on the chemical reactions. Include the
stoichiometric equation, heat of reaction, and any other
information.
JSA – Page 4
Need to be as detailed as possible. Refer to flow diagram of
equipment and floor layout. Safety procedure should be as
detailed as possible, not just “be safe” or “be careful”.
JSA – Page 4
Emergency Shutdown:
List a few things you can do prior to evacuating the laboratory.
Start-Up Procedure:
List the steps to get ready to operate the experiment.
Run Time Procedure:
Steps required to operate the experiment.
Shut-down Procedure:
Steps required to normally terminate the experiment.
Clean-up / Waste Disposal:
Steps required to clean the equipment and dispose of all
chemical wastes.
JSA – Example
Need to charge 10 ml of acetic anhydride into a test cell.
Acetic anhydride is stored in the flammable storage cabinet in
a 1-liter container.
Acetic Anhydride MSDS:
OSHA PEL: 5 PPM OSHA PEL Code: M
OSHA STEL: OSHA STEL Code:
ACGIH TLV: 5 PPM ACGIH TLV Code: M
ACGIH STEL: N/P ACGIH STEL Code:
EPA Reporting Quantity: 5000 LBS
DOT Reporting Quantity: 5000 LBS
Ozone Depleting Chemical: N
Conclusions from MSDS
1. Perform all open bottle transfer operations in hood.
2. Wear Neoprene gloves for all operations.
3. Wear face shield and safety goggles.
4. Use lab coat.
5. Wash hands thoroughly after all transfers.
JSA Steps
JSA Steps
EXTINGUISHER
D
Understand the combustion process and different fire classes.
Understand fire extinguisher types, operating procedures,
capabilities, and limitations.
Understand basic firefighting concepts:
R.A.C.E.
P.A.S.S.
The Combustion Process
THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON
FUEL
TEMPERATURE
Fire Classes
A
C
Trash Wood Paper
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B
Liquids Grease
Electrical Equipment
wood
cloth
paper
rubber
many plastics
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gasoline
oil
grease
tar
oil-based
paint
lacquer
flammable
gases
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COMBUSTIBLE
D
METALS
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energized
electrical
equipment
magnesium
sodium
potassium
titanium
zirconium
other
flammable
metals
Fire Classes (cont.)
CLASS K FIRES
K Cooking Media
• Recently recognized by NFPA 10.
• Fires involving combustible
vegetable or animal nonsaturated cooking fats in
commercial cooking equipment.
Fire Extinguisher Anatomy
DISCHARGE LEVER
DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN
AND SEAL
PRESSURE GAUGE
(not found on CO2
extinguishers)
CARRYING
HANDLE
DISCHARGE HOSE
DATA PLATE
DISCHARGE NOZZLE
DISCHARGE ORIFICE
BODY
Fire Extinguisher Applications
FIRE CLASS
A
EFFECTIVE EXTINGUISHER TYPES
Trash Wood Paper
PRESSURIZED WATER, MULTIPURPOSE DRY
CHEMICAL, LARGER SIZE HALON, WET CHEMICAL
B
Liquids
Grease
MULTIPURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL, CARBON DIOXIDE,
HALON
C
Electrical Equipment
MULTIPURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL, CARBON DIOXIDE,
HALON, WET CHEMICAL
COMBUSTIBLE
D
COMBUSTIBLE METAL
METALS
K Cooking Media
WET CHEMICAL
Fire Extinguisher Types
PRESSURIZED WATER
• Class “A” fires only.
A Trash Wood Paper
A Trash Wood Paper
B Liquids Grease
B Liquids Grease
• 2.5 gal. water at 150-175 psi (up to 1
minute discharge time).
• Has pressure gauge to allow visual capacity
check.
• 30-40 ft. maximum effective range.
C Electrical Equipment
C Electrical Equipment
• Can be started and stopped as necessary.
• Extinguishes by cooling burning material
below the ignition point.
Fire Extinguisher Types (cont.)
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
A Trash Wood Paper
A Trash Wood Paper
B Liquids Grease
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment
C Electrical Equipment
• Class “B” or “C” fires.
• 2.5-100 lb. of CO2 gas at 150-200
psi (8-30 seconds discharge time).
• Has NO pressure gauge--capacity
verified by weight.
• 3-8 ft. maximum effective range.
• Extinguishes by smothering burning
materials.
• Effectiveness decreases as
temperature of burning material
increases.
Fire Extinguisher Types (cont.)
MULTIPURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL
• Class “A”, “B”, or “C” fires.
A Trash Wood Paper
A Trash Wood Paper
B Liquids Grease
B Liquids Grease
C Electrical Equipment
C Electrical Equipment
• 2.5-20 lb. dry chemical (ammonium
phosphate) pressurized to 50-200 psi by
nitrogen gas (8-25 seconds discharge
time).
• Has pressure gauge to allow visual capacity
check.
• 5-20 ft. maximum effective range.
• Extinguishes by smothering burning
materials.
Fire Extinguisher Types (cont.)
WET CHEMICAL
A Trash Wood Paper
A Trash Wood Paper
C Electrical Equipment
C Electrical Equipment
K Cooking Media
• Class “A”, “C”, and “K” fires.
• 1.5 gal. of stored pressure PRX wet
chemical extinguishing agent (40
sec. discharge time).
• 10-12 ft. maximum effective range.
• On Class “K” fires, don’t use until
after fixed extinguishing system has
activated.
• Extinguishes by cooling and
forming foam blanket to prevent
reignition.
Fire Extinguisher Summary
EXTINGUISHER TYPE
WORKS BY
PRESSURIZED
WATER
COOLING
CARBON
DIOXIDE
SMOTHERING
MULTIPURPOSE
DRY CHEMICAL
SMOTHERING
HALON
SMOTHERING
COMBUSTIBLE
METAL
SMOTHERING
WET CHEMICAL
COOLING/
SMOTHERING
EFFECTIVE AGAINST
D
Fire Emergency Response
R
Rescue
A
Alarm
C
Contain
E
Extinguish
Firefighting Decision Criteria
• Know department emergency procedures and
evacuation routes.
• Know locations of extinguishers in your area and how
to use them.
• Always sound the alarm regardless of fire size.
• Avoid smoky conditions.
• Ensure area is evacuated.
• Don’t attempt to fight unless:
– Alarm is sounded.
– Fire is small and contained.
– You have safe egress route (can be reached without
exposure to fire).
– Available extinguishers are rated for size and type of fire.
• If in doubt, evacuate!
Fighting the Fire
P
Pull the pin
A
Aim low at the
base of flames
S
Squeeze the
handle
S
Sweep side to side