US Imperialism
1898 - 1920
List 3 things you see in this cartoon.
Objective
• Define imperialism, isolationism, and
expansionism.
• Evaluate the arguments for and against US
imperialism at the end of the 19th century.
• Analyze the causes and effects (short-term &
long-term) of US imperialism inside and
outside the US.
Questions to think about…
• How does imperialism affect the countries
that come under an imperial power? (pros
and cons)
• Is imperialism always a good or bad thing?
• How have US actions in the past affect our
relationships with other countries today?
US Imperialism
During the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries, the United
States pursued an aggressive policy
of expansionism, extending its
political and economic influence
around the globe.
Create a Concept Map
• Use Inspiration on your computer.
• For each of the terms, create at least two
bubbles (one for the word, one with a
definition/explanation in your own words).
• Include at least 3 pictures (clipart, draw, or
internet)
• Be creative as you organize your concept map.
For Example
Imperialism Terms
Why did the US want to expand?
•
•
Imperialism – p.352
Expanding US Interests – p. 353-354
•
•
•
•
George Washington’s Farewell Address
Monroe Doctrine
Seward’s Folly
Arguments for Expansion – p. 355
•
Protecting Economic Growth
• Markets
•
Protecting American Security
• Alfred T. Mahan (Influence of Sea Power Upon History)
• Great White Fleet – p.375
•
Preserving American Spirit – p. 356
• Manifest destiny
• Henry Cabot Lodge
• Social Darwinism
•
Arguments Against Expansion - Anti-Imperialists – p.372-373
•
•
•
Moral & Political Arguments
Racial Arguments
Economic Arguments
Why did
the US want to
expand?
1. Commercial/Business
Interests (Markets & Raw
Materials)
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea
Power on History: 1660-1783
3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The Hierarchy
of Race
The White Man’s
Burden
The White Man’s Burden
“TAKE UP THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
SEND FORTH THE BEST YE BREED
GO, BIND YOUR SON TO EXILE
TO SERVE YOUR CAPTIVES’ NEED;
TO WAIT, IN HEAVY HARNESS,
ON FLUTTERED FOLK AND WILD
YOUR NEW-CAUGHT SULLEN PEOPLES,
HALF DEVIL AND HALF CHILD….”
Rudyard Kipling, 1899
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American
Missionaries
in China, 1905
5. Closing the American Frontier
How did the US expand in the late
19th & early 20th centuries?
Spanish American War
Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines become US territories
Annexation of Hawaii
Naval stations in Hawaii used to protect world trade.
Open Door Policy
US has equal access to China’s millions of consumers
How did the US expand in the late
19th & early 20th centuries?
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (Roosevelt)
US gains control of 10 mile strip of land to build Panama Canal
Mexican Revolution (Wilson)
Negative feelings grow in Latin America toward US interference in their affairs
Open Door Policy
US has equal access to China’s millions of consumers
Presidential Diplomacy
•
McKinley
– Open Door Policy
•
Roosevelt
– Big Stick Diplomacy
– Roosevelt Corollary
•
Taft
– Dollar Diplomacy
•
Wilson
– Moral or Missionary Diplomacy
– Mexican Revolution (Pancho Villa)
OPEN DOOR POLICY
• Who?
Secretary of State John Hay for McKinley
• Target?
China & Spanish American War
• Goals:
– Access to ports
– New Markets
– No country gets special privileges
– US maintains a “sphere of influence”
Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act,
1887
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”
The Open Door Policy
Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal
access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken
over by any one foreign power.
The
Open Door
Policy
America as a Pacific Power
Spanish American War
Complete your notes sheet as you view the
powerpoint.
The Imperialist Taylor
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
Valeriano Weyler’s
“Reconcentration” Policy
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
De Lôme Letter
Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish
Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President
McKinley as weak and a
bidder for the admiration
of the crowd, besides
being a would-be politician
who tries to leave a door
open behind himself while
keeping on good terms
with the jingoes of his
party.
Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the
Navy in the McKinley
administration.
Imperialist and American
nationalist.
Criticized President
McKinley as having the
backbone of a chocolate
éclair!
Resigns his position to fight
in Cuba.
The
“Rough
Riders”
Remember the Maine
and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine
victims in Havana
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
Dewey Captures Manila!
Is He To Be a Despot?
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader
of the Filipino
Uprising.
July 4, 1946:
Philippine independence
William H. Taft, 1st
Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.
Our “Sphere of Influence”
The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of
Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain
$20 mil. for the
Philippines.
The U. S. becomes
an imperial power!
The American Anti-Imperialist
League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, William
James, and William
Jennings Bryan among
the leaders.
Campaigned against
the annexation of the
Philippines and other
acts of imperialism.
Cuban Independence?
Teller Amendment (1898)
Platt Amendment (1903)
Senator
Orville Platt
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign
powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary
to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval
and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Puerto Rico: 1898
1900 - Foraker Act.
 PR became an “unincorporated territory.”
 Citizens of PR, not of the US.
 Import duties on PR goods
1901-1903  the Insular Cases.
 Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to
territorial possessions.
 Congress had the power to decide these rights.
 Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!
Puerto Rico: 1898
1917 – Jones Act.
 Gave full territorial status to PR.
 Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.
 PRs elected their
own legislators &
governor to enforce
local laws.
 PRs could NOT vote
in US presidential
elections.
 A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for
PR in the House.
Write down three things you see in
the cartoon below.
Cartoon 2
1. Who is in the
ship?
2. What is he
holding?
3. Where is he?
4. What do you
think it means?
“BIG STICK” DIPLOMACY
• Who?
Theodore Roosevelt (Pres. 1901-1909)
• Target?
Latin America, Caribbean nations
• Rationale:
– Any disorder in regions would force US to send in
troops to protect its interests, investments $$$
– Keep Europe out of region if nation defaults on
loans
The Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may
in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require
intervention by some
civilized nation, and in the
Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United
States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the
United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant
cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the
exercise of an
international police power .
Panama: The King’s Crown
1850  Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty.
1901  Hay-Paunceforte
Treaty.
Philippe Bunau-Varilla,
agent provocateur.
Dr. Walter Reed.
Colonel W. Goethals.
1903  Hay-BunauVarilla Treaty.
Panama Canal
TR in Panama
(Construction begins in 1904)
Speak Softly,
But Carry a Big Stick!
“BIG STICK” DIPLOMACY
• Rationale cont.:
– Any disorder in regions would force US to send in
troops to protect its interests, investments $$$
– Keep Europe out of region if nation defaults on
loans
– US takes over Panama Canal construction
(complete in 1911) yellow fever
• US offered to pay Columbia, but it was slow to respond
• US urges Panama to revolt, sends US ships to back
rebels
• Panama declares independence & US buys canal rights
from new country
Taft’s “Dollar
Diplomacy”
Improve financial
opportunities for American
businesses.
Use private capital to
further U. S. interests
overseas.
Therefore, the U.S.
should create stability and order
abroad that would best promote
America’s commercial interests.
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
• Who? President William H. Taft
• Target: Latin America, Caribbean & Asia
• Rationale:
–US relies on loans & investments to
settle regions
–Favors $$ but would use military to
“stabilize” nations
MORAL OR MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY
• Who:
President Woodrow Wilson
• Target:
Latin America, Caribbean & Mexico
• How it worked:
– US told nations what was wrong with their govts & how to
fix them. US favors democracies
– US send military to fix problems as a last resort. (That
usually happened)
– Mexico & Pancho Villa were thorns in Wilson’s side
– Mexicans revolt against US-friendly leader. US investors
back dictator, but Wilson won’t recognize. Wilson briefly
supported Pancho Villa, but turned on him. Villa started
raiding US border towns. US sends Army, but can’t catch
him.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico
and puts Madero in prison where he was
murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought
against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying
Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in
Mexico.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Pancho Villa
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco I Madero
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. should
be the conscience
of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.
Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with Pancho
Villa in 1914.
U. S. Global Investments &
Investments in Latin America, 1914
U. S. Interventions in
Latin America: 1898-1920s
Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”
“Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million
“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the
Hawaiians!
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 – Reciprocity
Treaty
1890 – McKinley Tariff
1893 – American
businessmen backed an
uprising against Queen
Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard Dole
proclaims the Republic
of Hawaii in 1894.
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian
Annexation
Ceremony, 1898
Imperialism Terms
(Ch. 10 & 12)
• Imperialism
• Causes of Imperialism
• Effects of Imperialism
– Puerto Rico, Guam,
Philippines
– Hawaii
– Panama
• George Washington’s
Farewell Address
•
•
•
•
Manifest Destiny
Social Darwinism
White Man’s Burden
Alfred T. Mahan
•
•
•
•
•
Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt Corollary
Big Stick Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy
Missionary/Moral
Diplomacy
• Open Door Policy
Ways to Organize Concept Map
• Definition
• Policies
– Washington, Monroe, McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
• Causes (what does the US need?)
– Bases, resources, markets
• Effects (what did the US gain? Lose?)
– Spanish-American War, Hawaii, Panama Canal, Alaska
• Arguments for Imperialism
– White Man’s Burden, Missionaries, Manifest Destiny
• Arguments against Imperialism
– Anti-Imperialist League