Part 8
Visceral Function
Regulated by Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)
 Sympathetic
nervous system
 Parasympathetic
nervous system
Function of Autonomic Nervous System--Change Visceral Functions

T1- L2-3
Sympathetic Nerve
Preganglionic fiber
 Postganglionic fiber

Parasympathetic Nerve

Ⅲ、Ⅶ、
Ⅸ、Ⅹ
cranial
nerve

S2-4
Parasympathetic Nerve
Preganglionic fiber
 Postganglionic fiber

Function of autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Functional properties of autonomic
nervous system
 Tonic innervation
 Dual innervation to the same effector
 Influence by the functional status of effector
 Significance to the regulation of physiological function
Central Nervous System Regulation
to Visceral Activity

Spinal cord

Lower brain stem

Hypothalamus

Limbic cortex
Spinal Cord

Visceral reflexes
 Micturition reflex
 Defecation reflex
Lower Brain Stem
 Autonomic
centers
 Cardiovascular
regulatory center
 Respiratory
center
 Pneumotaxic
center
Hypothalamus
Vegetative and Endocrine Control
Functions of Hypothalamus

Regulation of body temperature
 PO/AH

(the preoptic area)
Regulation of body water
 Thirst center
 Supraoptic nucleus: ADH

Cardiovascular regulation

Gastrointestinal and feeding regulation
 Ventromedial
 Lateral
nucleus: satiety center
hypothalamic area: feeding center

Hypothalamic control of endocrine hormone
secretion by the anterior pituitary gland

Controlling biorhythm
 Suprachiasmatic

nucleus
Circadian rhythm
Limbic lobe and limbic system
Neural Basis of Instinctual Behavior and Emotion
What is instinctual behavior?
What is emotion?
Instinctual behavior
 Feeding behavior
 Drinking behavior
 Sexual behavior
Importance of Reward and
Punishment in Behavior

Controllers of bodily activities, drives,
aversions and motivations

Habituation versus reinforcement (for
learning and memory)

Selecting the information that we learn
 1%
retention
Part 9
Learning and Memory
Learning and Memory
1. Learning: Acquisition
and formation of new
information.
2. Memory: Retention and
retrieval of learned
information.
(Hebb,1949)
Types of Learning

Non-associative learning
 Habituation
 Sensitization

Associative learning
 Classical
Conditioned reflex
 Operated
conditioned reflex
 Second
signaling system
Types of Memory


Declarative memory for facts
 Easy
to acquire
 Easy
to lose
Procedural memory (reflexive memory) for
skills or behaviour
 Hard
to acquire
 Hard
to lose
Processes of Memory
 Sensory
memory
 seconds
 Short-term


memory (working memory)
seconds-mins
Long-term memory
 Intermediate-term
memory mins-hours
 The second memory mins-years
 The third memory
for ever
Transfer of Memory
Mechanisms of Learning

“Sensitization” of synaptic transmissionPositive memory

“Habituation” of synaptic transmissionNegative memory
Mechanisms of Memory

Synaptic plasticity
 Memories
are caused by changes in the sensitivity
of synaptic transmission between neurons as a
result of previous neural activity
 The
changes cause new pathways (memory traces)
or facilitated pathways to develop for transmission
of signals through the neural circuit of the brain
Synaptic Plasticity
 Function
plasticity
Long-term potentiation,
Long-term depression,
 Structure
plasticity
LTP
LTD
Role of Hippocampus in Memory
Process

Promoting storage of memories
Functional Plasticity in Hippocampus
LTP
Normal synapse

LTP

LTD
Ca/CaM
PKC
c-Fos
c-Jun

NMDA receptor and “smart mouse”
Axon Terminals
Astro
Dendritic
Spine
Dendritic
Spine
Astro
Astro
Dendritic
Spine
Location Receptor
Before
After
DG/CA1 NMDA
CA3
Adrenergic
a larger spine head, shorter neck
Amnesia

Loss of memory

Amnesia
 Anterograde
amnesia-
hippocampal lesions
 Retrograde
amnesia-
Who Am I?
Part 10
Language Function of the Brain
Dominant Hemisphere

Definition
 The
general interpretative function of Wernicke’s
area and the angular gyrus as well as the
functions of the speech and motor control areas
are usually much more highly developed in one
cerebral hemisphere than in the other.
 This
hemisphere is called the dominant
hemisphere ---left (95%)

Left hemisphere
 Broca’s
area: speech and motor control areas
 Wernicke’
 Angular
area: for language comprehension
gyrus: for initial processing of visual
language (reading), i.e., interpretation of visual
information
 Language-based
ganglia
intellectual functions: basal

Left hemisphere
Disorders of Language Function

Motor aphasia
 Broca

Sensory aphasia
H

area
Alexia
V

area (S)
area
Agraphia
W
area
Part 11
Electric Activity of the Brain

Spontaneous electric activity of the brain (EEG)
 Non-specific

projection system
Evoked cortical potential
 An
evoked potential is any change in the voltages of a subject's
scalp induced by a change in their sensory input

Specific projection system
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electrocorticogram (ECoG)
Measurement of EEG
The international 10-20 system (Jasper, 1958)
Measurement of EEG
Mechanism of EEG
 Summation
 Synchronization
of post-synaptic potentials
or desynchronization
 Non-specific
projection system
Part 12
Wakefulness and Sleep

Definition
Sleep
 Unconsciousness
from which the person can be
aroused by sensory or other stimuli
Time Needed for Sleep

Adult--7~9h

Infant--18~20h

Children--12~14h

Senior--5~7h

Types of Sleep
1. Slow wave sleep (SWS)
 The

brain waves are large and slow
2. Fast wave sleep (FWS)
 Paradoxical
 Rapid
sleep (PS)
eye movements (REM)---rapid
movements of eyes when one is asleep
Slow-wave Sleep

EEG
 Low-frequency,
highly synchronized neural activity

Heart rate and blood pressure

Gastrointestinal motility 

The muscles relax

The sleeper can easily be awakened
REM

EEG
 Desynchronized
activity

Muscle tone is completely absent

Irregular changes
 HR,
BP, respiratory rate, muscle movements

Difficult to arouse

Dreaming

Rapid movements of the eyes
Basic Theories of sleep and wakefulness
Wakefulness --Ascending reticular activating
system
Sleep -- The Passive theory:
 Sleep
is caused by
an inhibition of the
reticular activating system.
2. Sleep is Caused by an Active Inhibitory Process
 Sleep-promoting
centers:
 The
raphe nuclei
 The
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
 Hess

regions in the diencephalon
Preoptic area of hypothalamus
 Pon

Endogenous sleep-inducing factors: Factor S, DSIP,
SPS, etc.
A: (+) Reticular activating system: Sleepawake
B: (+) Thalamus: Awakesleep
Physiologic Effect of Sleep
 The
principle value of sleep is to restore the
natural balance among the neuronal center
 Role
of slow wave sleep
 Role
of fast wave sleep
Disorders of sleep
 Insomnia
 Sleep
apnea syndrome
 Narcolepsy