Maureen Maher
Tatiana Patton
LIVER CELL
Hepatocyte is known as the liver cell, making
up 80% of the liver.
Round
Contains a nucleus
Cellular organelles associated with metabolic
and secretory functions.
ER, smooth and rough, and golgi apparatus
for secretory purposes.
High number of mitochondria to provide
energy to support activity.
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Digest fats
Store nutrients reserves
Filter poisons and wastes from blood
Synthesize variety of proteins
Regulate levels of several chemicals
from bloodstream
Besides the organs known as
“Endocrine”, there are non-endocrine
organs that create endocrine hormones
as well.
Example: Liver
The liver creates three different endocrine
hormones.
Angiotensinogen, Thrombopoietin, and
Insulin like Growth Factor
Composed of glands that produce
hormones that regulate growth,
metabolism, sexual development, and
function.
Hormones are “chemical messengers”
released into the blood streams
Insulin growth is controlled overall by
the endocrine system, which sends out
messengers throughout the whole body.
Hormones regulates growth, glucose
metabolism, body temperature, etc. It is
released and can changes the target
cells’ actions while traveling through
the circulatory system.
The human growth hormone (HGH) is
sent from the pituitary gland and sent
into the bloodstream. It then
stimulates in the liver the production
of a hormone known as insulin like
growth factor (IGF)
Purpose of IGF:
“produce growth in the cells of the
body”
The signaling method is known as long
distance signaling of chemical
messages. Hormones are being sent
through the bloodstream to target
cells where a receptor receives the
signal or message to trigger a
function.
IGF levels are produced throughout
one’s life, with the highest rates
during the pubertal growth spurt.
Factors varying HGH and IGF include:
age, sex, genetic make up, exercise,
nutrition, body mass, disease, etc.
IGF Deficiency/Hormone Insensitivity
Syndrome/Growth
Hormone Resistance Syndrome
IGF deficiency can be caused by a lack
of GH receptors or a malfunction or
“block” of the growth hormone to the
receptor, causing less IGF production
Cancers of the endocrine glands
Excessive growth or
acromegaly/gigantism
High blood cholesterol or lipid
abnormalities associated with
heart
disease
Menopause and its hormonal
unbalances
Metabolic diseases
Osteoporosis and vitamin D
deficiency leading to
osteomalacia
and rickets in children
High blood pressure due to
endocrine dysfunctions like
adrenal
gland tumors
pheochromocytoma
Pediatric endocrine diseases
Infertility
Precocious puberty
Lack of growth (short stature)
Over- or underproduction of
hormones
IGF has “growth-promoting effects on
almost every cell.” Without IGF
production, growth is affected greatly.
However, some cases of IGF deficiency
or more severe than others.
One effect is Laron’s dwarfism.
Short Stature
(Dwarfism)
Resistance to diabetes
and cancer
CAPTION: This Ecuadorian
man with Laron syndrome
(shown with his children in
the early 1990s) lived free
of cancer and diabetes to
age 87, a decade longer
than the average
Ecuadorian. He was killed
in a car accident in 2012.
Rosenbloom, Arlen. Ecuadorian Man with Laron's
Disease. 1990's. Discover Magazine. Discover
Magazine. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.
Laron’s Syndrome is a rare disease.
Usually Laron’s syndrome comes with
prominent foreheads, obese and
obviously incredibly short.
Complications happen, but it can be
diagnosed and treated early.
Particular cell signaling that has been
known for multi-cellular organisms
have been traced back to uni-cellular
organisms. Receptor tyrosine kinase.
This example helps us to look at how
cell communication originated.
Power Point will be added to School
Rack for reference!!!
Backeljauw, Philippe, MD. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I DEFICIENCY(2008): n.
pag. Human Growth Foundation Inc. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.
"HGH - Complete Information Guide on Human Growth Hormone (HGH)."HGH - Complete
Information Guide on Human Growth Hormone (HGH). N.p., 2014. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.
"Hormones of the Liver." Hormones of the Liver. N.p., 5 May 2013. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.
"Insulin-like Growth Factor 1." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 14 Feb. 2015. Web. 19
Feb. 2015.
Kemp, Stephen, MD, PhD. "Endocrine System Anatomy: Get Facts on Glands and
Functions." EMedicineHealth. Ed. Mellisa Conrad Stoppler. WebMD, 10 Nov. 2014.
Web. 19 Feb. 2015.
"Laron Syndrome." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 27 Jan. 2015. Web. 20 Feb. 2015.
Rolfe, Viv, MD. "RLO: The Anatomy of the Liver." : Hepatocytes. School of Nursing and
Academic Division of Midwifery, University of Nottingham, 5 Oct. 2004. Web. 20 Feb.
2015.
Tyson, Peter. "Gigantism & Dwarfism on Islands." PBS. PBS, 01 Nov. 2008. Web. 23 Feb.
2015.
Kemp, Stephen, MD, PhD. "EMedicineHealth.com." Endocrine System Anatomy: Get Facts
on Glands and Functions. Ed. Melissa C. Stopper. WebMD, n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.
"Endocrine System - On a Molecular Level." Biology4Kids.com: Animal Systems: Endocrine
System. Andrew Rader Studios, n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.
Taubes, Gary. "March 2015." Discover Magazine. Kalmbach Publishing Co., 27 Mar. 2013.
Web. 23 Feb. 2015.
Carrol, Sean B., PhD. "Primitive Microbe Offers Glimpse of Animal Evolution | Howard
Hughes Medical Institute." HHMI.org. HHMI, 18 Dec. 2001. Web. 24 Feb. 2015.