Chapter 8
Pretest
1. Which cells surround and consume harmful
organisms that invade the body?
A. antibodies
B. phagocytes
C. epithelial cells
D. Hormones
2. Which system carries oxygen in the body?
A. endocrine system
B. skeletal system
C. circulatory system
D. nervous system
3. ____________ is a gel-like material that
surrounds the internal parts of a cell.
A. chloroplast
B. nucleus
C. cytoplasm
D. Mitochondria
4. The system that fights disease and other foreign
agents.
A. circulatory
B. immune
C. endocrine
D. urinary
5. Mucus, skin, tears, saliva, and ____________ are
all part of your first line of defense.
A. earwax
B. eyeball
C. finger nail
D. tongue
6. __________ are chemical message made by
endocrine glands.
A. hormones
B. cells
C. tissues
D. glucose
*
Chapter 8 Lesson 1
Big Idea:
All living things are made of cells. To stay
alive and healthy, cells need food, water,
and a way to eliminate waste.
A single cell is the smallest structure that
carries out the activities necessary for life.
*Animals and plant cells have 3 features in
common:
1. cell membrane
2. nucleus
3. cytoplasm
cell membrane: outer covering of the cell; water
& food enter through it; wastes move out of the
membrane
nucleus: part of cell that directs all cell
activities & carries info for cell reproduction
cytoplasm: gel-like material that spreads around
the internal parts of the cell
Organelle: structure that has a specific task
within the cell
*for example: mitochondria (energy), vacuoles
(stores materials), golgi bodies (transports),
endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
cell control
center;
reproduction
Cell Membrane
structure and
transport
Only plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
cell walls: adds support to a plant cell
chloroplast: organelle that makes food from
sunlight, water & carbon dioxide
Cell Transportation
• A cell membrane allows water, gases, and
wastes to pass in and out of the cell.
• Cell membranes use both passive & active
transport.
passive transport
no energy needed
active transport
requires energy
passive transport
Diffusion: process
that spreads
substances through a
gas or liquid from a
HIGHER to a LOWER
concentration
Active transport requires energy & goes from LOWER to HIGHER.
Special Type of Diffusion:
Osmosis: a type of diffusion that allows
water to pass, but not the solutes in the
water; keeps water inside the cells
Using Energy
Photosynthesis: process that plants use to
make food by using the energy of sunlight
chloroplasts
Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________
and depends on a green pigment called
chlorophyll.
Sugar that plants produce in photosynthesis is
glucose
called _________.
Mitochondria breaks down these sugars into
energy. The energy is stored in an ATP
molecule.
Did you know?
Your body is made up of trillions of cells.
Yet you began as just a single cell!
How did you grow?
Cell division
*
Chapter 8 Lesson 2
Main Idea:
Complex organisms have many
types of cells. Each cell has
special structures that allow it
to carry out specific tasks.
Different Cells for Different Jobs
Tissues: group of cells that has a common
structure and function
Organs: 2 or more types of tissues that work
together
Example: brain, heart, kidneys
Organ systems: group of organs that work together
to perform complex tasks
Organ Systems
 The more complex the organism, the greater
the number of organ systems it needs to
survive.
 Humans have 11 organ systems.
 Each system plays a particular role in the body.
 Systems influence each other.
 Some organs work for more than one system.
ORGAN SYSTEM
FUNCTION
Circulatory System
carries oxygen and removes CO2
via blood
Musculoskeletal
System
Nervous System
supports body and allows you to
move
Endocrine System
works like a chemical
communication system; has
glands that produces hormones
Respiratory System
exchanges oxygen and CO2
between the organism and the
environment (breathing)
controls movements and other
organ systems; brain-controlled
Hormone: chemical message that travels through the blood and
carries special info. Humans have about 50 hormones. They do
things such as regulate growth and energy use, control blood sugar,
and cause specific body changes
Organ Systems
(7 of the 11 systems)
Circulatory System
Digestive System
Endocrine System
Musculoskeletal System
Nervous System
Respiratory System
Urinary System
Organization of Living Things
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms
*
Chapter 8 Lesson 3
infectious disease: contagious; disease
caused by organisms or viruses
noninfectious disease: disease caused by
malfunction of an organ system
immune system: organ system that fights
disease & foreign agents
1st line of defense
Includes ways your body stops disease
agents from entering the body
Examples: skin, tears, saliva, ear wax, mucus
2nd line of defense
Starts if harmful agents enter
your body
inflammation: blood reacts to
fight infection
phagocytes: cells surround &
consume harmful disease agents
3rd Line of Defense
Immune System - this system fights harmful agents
of disease
*produces antibodies to fight invading agents
A vaccination puts a small amount
of a live or dead virus into the body.
The vaccine causes the immune
system to develop antibodies.
In summary,
The Human Body’s Defenses Against Disease
tears, saliva, mucus, skin, ear wax
inflammation
phagocytes
immune system
Let’s see what you have learned!
Diffusion is ________
passive transport that allows
water to pass through the membrane from an
high to ____
low concentration.
area of _______
We start as a single cell. We grow as a result
cell division
of ________________.
Cytoplasm
____________
is a gel-like material that
surrounds the internal parts of a cell.
A sugar that plants produce through
glucose
photosynthesis is _______________.
Phagocytes
______________
are cells that surround and
consume harmful organisms that invade the
body.
circulatory
The _____________
system carries blood (which
contains oxygen) to all parts of the body.
immune system fights disease.
The __________
Hormones
_____________ are chemical message made by
endocrine glands. (hint: efgh)
ORGAN SYSTEMS
brain is the
center;
controls
other parts
of the body
carries blood
& oxygen all
over the
body
circulatory
system
nervous
system
has glands
that
produces
chemical
messages
called
hormones
supports the
body and
allows for
movement
musculoskeletal
system
word bank: musculoskeletal
endocrine
endocrine system
circulatory
nervous
Study Guide
3 things cells have in common:
cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
2 things plants cells have that animal cells don’t:
cell wall, chloroplasts
organ systems
1st, 2nd, 3rd defense systems
Vocabulary
diffusion
glucose
cell division
hormones
phagocytes