Name:
Period:
Anatomy & Physiology
Part 2: Nervous System
The Brain:
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~100 billion _________________________________________ neurons
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3 major components:
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The ______________________________________________ largest part (associated with
sensory & motor functions, higher mental functions)
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The ______________________________________________ (voluntary muscle movement &
coordination)
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The ______________________________________________ (connects & regulates viscera)
Another part of the brain is the diencephalon. This is also associated with sensory functions.
Cerebrum:
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There are 2 cerebral hemispheres. This is collectively called the cerebrum.
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Gyri are ridges; _________________________________________are grooves.
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_____________________________________________ are deep grooves
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Fissures divide the cerebrum into lobes.
The corpus callosum is a “bridge” of nerve fibers that connect the 2
_______________________________________________________-.
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The hemispheres generally mirror each other.
Cerebrum Lobes:
These are named for the _____________________________________ they are under.
1. _______________________________________ lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. _______________________________________ lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. _______________________________________
There are 3 main areas of the cerebrum:
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Cerebral _________________________________________________
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White Matter
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_________________________________________________ Nuclei
Cerebrum: Cerebral Cortex:
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Functions: ________________________________________, memory, logic, emotional responses, &
___________________________________________ movement
Name:
Period:
The cortex includes:
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___________________________________________________ area: vocalization/formation of words
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__________________________________________________ area: language comprehension
(meanings of words)
Cerebrum: White Matter:
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Contains nerve tracts that allow ____________________________________________ to occur
between hemispheres and brain stem
Basal Nuclei:
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a.k.a. basal _____________________________________________________
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Gray matter
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Regulate voluntary ____________________________________________ functions
Diencephalon:
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It contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, optic tracts pituitary gland, mammillary gland & pineal
gland.
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The _________________________________________ is the central region of message relays;
receiving all sensory info (except _________________________________) & transmitting the signals
to the appropriate location.
–
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It produces awareness of _______________________________________________.
The hypothalamus maintains ____________________________________________________ & links
the NS to the endocrine system. It regulates:
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Heart rate & blood pressure
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Body __________________________________________________________
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Water & __________________________________________________ balance
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Hunger & body weight
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Stomach & intestinal secretions & movement
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Sleep & ____________________________________________________________
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Production of stimulants for the pituitary gland
Diencephalon:
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The hypothalamus includes the __________________________________________system and
controls emotional responses & expression; as a result, it guides behavior to increase the chance of
survival.
Other glands part of the Diencephalon:
Name:
Period:
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_______________________________________________ gland (hormones)
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Pineal gland (___________________________________________ regulation)
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Choroid plexuses (capillaries that secrete __________________________________)
Brain Stem:
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Connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum
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Includes the midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata
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The ______________________________________________ contains reflex centers (visual &
auditory)
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The pons is between stem & oblongata; relays _________________________________________
impulses & regulates rate & depth of breath.
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The medulla _________________________________________________ is below the pons
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The medulla oblongata is associated with coughing,
________________________________________, swallowing &
________________________________________ reflexes.
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It controls _____________________________________ rate, blood
___________________________________________, and breathing
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The reticular formation is a network of nerve ________________________________________that
are throughout the midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata.
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This regulates ______________________________________________ (increased activity
increases awareness; decreased activity induces sleep).
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If this is injured, this causes unconsciousness; if the person cannot be aroused, a comatose
state (_______________________________) results.
Cerebellum:
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Integrates & coordinates sensory info & _____________________________________ muscles; helps
to maintain posture.
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Injury to this area will cause __________________________________________ (involuntary
movements), inaccurate movements, staggering walk, muscle tone loss or equilibrium disturbance.
Protection of CNS: Meninges
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The CNS is surrounded by bones, membranes & fluids (skull contains the cranial cavity which contains
the brain, etc.).
Name:
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Period:
The membranes of the CNS are the _____________________________________(between bones &
soft tissues).
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These protect the brain & spinal cord.
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There are 3 layers to the meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, & pia mater.
Meninges:
_________________________________________ Mater:
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outermost layer
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found within the cranial cavity, surrounds skull bones, & extends inward between brain lobes
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Surrounds the __________________________________________________ & ends as a sac right
below the cord (but is not attached to the vertebrate).
Arachnoid Mater:
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Thin membrane _______________________________________ a blood supply
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Between dura mater & pia mater
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Covers ______________________________________ & spinal cord
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Between the arachnoid mater & pia mater is the
__________________________________________________________________. The cerebrospinal
fluid (_________________________________) is contained here.
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This is a clear watery fluid that bathes the brain & spinal cord.
_________________________________Mater:
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The innermost layer of the meninges
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Covers the brain & spinal cord and follows their surfaces closely
Spinal Cord:
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This is a ______________________________________ column that goes from the brain into the
vertebral canal.
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Consists of 31 segments & __________________________________ pairs of spinal nerves
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There are 2 enlargements: the _________________________________________________
enlargement contains the nerves for the upper limbs; the lumbar enlargement contains the nerves
for the _____________________________________________________ limbs.
PNS: Cranial Nerves:
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There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves:
1. Olfactory nerves (I): sense of __________________________________________
Name:
Period:
2. Optic nerves(II): ____________________________________________ (eyes to brain)
3. Oculomotor nerves (III): eye muscle movement (somatic & autonomic)
4. Trochlear nerves (IV): eye ____________________________________________; smallest cranial nerves
5. ______________________________________________nerves (V): contain ophthalmic, maxillary, &
mandibular nerves; mixed nerves; largest cranial nerves.
6. Abducens nerves (VI): aids in eye muscle movement
7. ________________________________________ nerves (VII): taste receptors; stimulate salivary & tear
gland secretions (autonomic)
8. Vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII): maintain _________________________________________________ &
enable hearing (ear)
9. Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX): _________________________________________________; mixed nerves;
associated with the tongue & pharynx.
10. Vagus nerves (X): speech & swallowing; mixed (autonomic & somatic)
11. Accessory nerves (XI): cranial & spinal
12. Hypoglossal nerves (XII): ____________________________________________, speaking, chewing &
swallowing.
PNS: Spinal Nerves:
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Come from the spinal cord
Grouped according to their location:
1. ________________________________________ nerves (#C1 to C8): 8 pairs
2. Thoracic nerves (#T1 to T12): 12 pairs
3. ________________________________________ nerves (#L1 to L5): 5 pairs
4. Sacral nerves (#S1 to S5): 5 pairs
5. Coccygeal nerves (Co): 1 pair
Autonomic Nervous System:
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Functions independently (_______________________________________________), meaning
without conscious thought
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Controls _______________________________________________ functions
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Contains the parasympathetic & sympathetic divisions
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The ______________________________________________________ division functions during
restful conditions while the ___________________________________________ division functions
during emergency, stressful & energy spending situations.
Name:
Period:
Look up in text or online! Know the following: Huntington’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Ataxia,
Meningitis, Encephalitis, Hydrocephalus, Blood brain barrier, Concussion, Contusion, Intracranial
hemorrhage, cerebral edema, CVA, hemiplegia, TIA, Cerebral palsy, Spina bifida, and Senility.