Cell Design and
Function
VMHS Science
Cell Theory
The Cell Theory States the Following:
1. All organisms are composed of
one or more cells.
2. The Cell is the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing
cells through Mitosis or Meiosis.
The Two Basic Cell Types

Prokaryotes:

Eukaryotes: Most multicellular
the cells of most unicellular
organisms like bacteria lacking membranebound structures.image
organisms that contain membrane-bound
structures. image
Prokaryote Characteristics
Include Kingdoms: Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria. diagram
 Contains Circular DNA image
 Genetic material not bound by a nuclear
envelope.
 Divide by fission. image
 No membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryote Characteristics


Include Kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, and
Protista. diagram
Contains linear DNA condensed into chromosomes
image

Genetic material is bound by a nuclear envelope
image

Divide by sexual reproduction--meiosis and mitosis.
animation

Contains membrane-bound organelles.
Microscopes

Total magnification is found by
multiplying the Eyepiece lens
magnification times the Objective
Lens. Complete the table below:
Eyepiece

Objective Lens
10X
40x
10X
Total Magnification
500X
10X
100X
CELLULAR
ORGANELLES AND
THEIR FUNCTION
The Plasma Membrane




Maintains
homeostasis
creates a barrier for
the cell.
Protection
semi-permeable
image
The Nucleus




Contains the genetic info.
(DNA)
Assembles Ribosomes
Central Processing Unit
Nuclear Envelope and
pores
The Ribosomes





A small, NON-membrane bound organelle.
Located in the cytoplasm and the rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).
Produced in the nucleolus.
rRNA functions to assemble proteins from amino
acids.
Composed of both DNA and RNA.
Ribosomes
The Mitochondrion

Produces cellular energy for the cell in the form of
ATP. (=Adenosine-P-P-P). image
Contains highly folded internal membranes called
cristae. image
Contains it’s own DNA (theorized to have once been a

single-celled organism) image
Contains an inner and outer compartment image


The Mitochondrion (cont’d)
Divides asexually (fission) similarly to that of a prokaryotic
organism. image
 The # of mitochondria in a cell is determined by that cell’s
energy needs. image
(Ex: Muscle cells contain more mitochondria than do skin cells.)

The Golgi Apparatus
Contains a single membrane.
 Is a stack of vessicles involved in
packaging macromolecules for transport
through the cell.
 Golgi vessicles are involved in transporting
material out of cell.

The Golgi Apparatus
Large Vessicle
Small Vessicle
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The Golgi Apparatus
Vessicle Contents:
1) hormonal/enzyme contents of lysosomes.
2) Peroxisomes that breakdown toxic hydrogen
peroxide.
3) Secretory vessicles that transport material
via exocytosis. image

The Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Attached to the nucleus to form a
transportation network for protein
distribution.
Two Types:
1) Smooth ER: Ribosome-free and
produces lipids and membrane proteins.
2) Rough ER: w/ribosomes and produces
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Contain digestive
enzymes.
• Digests excess or worn
out organelles, food
particles, bacteria, &
viruses.
• Has a membrane to protect the rest of the
cell from the strong digestive enzymes.
The
Differences
Between Plant
and Animal
Cells
• Has a few
different organelles
than an animal cell.
• A plant cell has a
cell wall.
• A plant cell has
chloroplasts.
• A plant cell has a
vacuole.
• An inflexible barrier that
protects a plant cell and
gives it support.
• Composed of cellulose.
• Allows materials to enter,
but it is not selective like
the plasma membrane.
•Located in the cytoplasm.
• Temporary storage
containers. Store food,
enzymes, & other materials
needed by the cell.
• Some vacuoles store
waste products.
• Capture light energy and
convert it to chemical energy.
• Has a double membrane
• Inside the membranes, the
thylakoid gain energy from
trapped sunlight.
•The thylakoid are arranged in
stacks called grana.
•The grana is surrounded by a
fluid called stroma.
• Chloroplasts contain the green pigment,
chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.
The Six Kingdoms of Life
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
The Six Kingdoms of Life
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Escherichia coli undergoing cell fission.
Image showing Mitochondrial DNA
Image of Circular DNA
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Secretion: Expelling via exocytosis
Vessicle being expelled
into exterior
Vessicle fusing with the
plasma membrane
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Prokaryotic Cell
Click on the
image the
first time.
Click on the
image the
first time.
Eukaryotic Cell
Double-Stranded DNA
Eukaryote--Nuclear Envelope
Sperm
entering egg.
The Phospholipid Bilayer
The ATP Cellular Energy Molecule