Dr. Erica Cirillo-McCarthy
Assistant Director of Graduate and ADEP Writing
The California Lutheran University Writing Center
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Why cite?
Integrating sources
Three components of Chicago Notes/Bibliography
Style – attribution, footnote, bibliography
Attribution phrases
Examples of footnotes
Examples of bibliography entries
Other CMS references
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“Provide readers with cues they can use to follow your
ideas more efficiently and to locate information of
interest to them
Allow readers to focus more on your ideas by not
distracting them with unfamiliar formatting
Establish your credibility or ethos in the field by
demonstrating an awareness of your audience and their
needs as fellow researchers” (OWL Purdue, 2012)
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Summary – a clear statement of the main
idea/purpose/hypothesis/methodology of a study
written in the reader’s own words.
Paraphrase – a much more focused articulation of a
specific idea/purpose/hypothesis/methodology in a
study written in the reader’s own words.
Quotation – must have a clear introduction and
contextualization.
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Whether you quote, paraphrase, or summarize….
Whether it’s an idea, a thought, a definition, a theory, or
a methodology, if it was first articulated by someone
else….
YOU MUST CITE YOUR SOURCE!
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Attribution phrase – a signal phrase used to tell the reader that
we are about to introduce a quote, summary, or paraphrase of
someone else’s idea, words, research, theories, or methodologies.
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Footnote– when we refer to our sources’ ideas, words, research,
theories, methodologies in the main body of our papers, we
follow a specific format which allows the reader to quickly find
the full citation located on the references list. For CMS, we call
this the footnote format, meaning you insert a footnote on the
page of the citation.
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Bibliography – the list of all sources referred to in our papers,
listed in a specific way so that readers can easily refer to a source
if they choose to do so.
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Helps the reader understand that the next bit of
information comes from a source other than the writer
Looks like this:
(PARAPHRASE)
According to Smith, students who utilize writing support
increase their independence and confidence in writing.1
(SUMMARY)
Smith’s study (2011) argues for increased writing support
for graduate students.2
(DIRECT QUOTE)
Smith (2011) finds that “writing support services have a direct
effect on student writing…”3
1. Jackie Smith. “Writing Center Support,” The
Writing Center Journal, 21.5 (2011), 58.
2. Smith, “Writing Center Support,” 45-52.
3. Ibid.
Verbs Used in Attribution Phrases
The verb you choose for an attribution (or signal) phrase should accurately
reflect the intention of the source.
acknowledges
concedes
illustrates
reports
admits
concludes
implies
reveals
agrees
declares
insists
says
argues
denies
maintains
shows
believes
endorses
observes
suggests
claims
finds
points out
thinks
comments
grants
refutes
writes
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For CMS, writers insert a footnote whenever another
source’s ideas, words, thoughts, or methods are
paraphrased, summarized, or direct quoted.
You may have to change your software’s default of
superscript and unclick the default.
Then your footnotes will be full numbers and not
superscript.
If your professor wants Turabian, then keep the
superscript default – that is the main difference
between CMS and Turabian.
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What follows are a few examples of popular types of
sources
The first line of a footnote is indented .5” from the left
margin.
Subsequent lines within a footnote should be formatted
flush left.
Leave an extra line space between footnotes.
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Please make sure you
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◦ 1. know what type of source you use in your writing
◦ 2. understand where to find CMS guidelines
◦ 3. do not make up format guidelines
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The term “journal” refers to a peer-reviewed academic journal.
Academic journals are considered the most credible sources because
they are peer-reviewed and established within an academic community.
In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the
bibliography, list the page range for the whole article.
Footnote (1st reference) – Author’s name (first, last), “Title of
article,” title of journal, volume, issue, (date): page number.
(2nd consecutive reference): author’s last name, “title of article,”
page numbers.
(3rd consecutive reference): Ibid.
1. Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s Republic,” Classical
Philology 104 (2009): 440.
2. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s Republic,” 452–53.
3. Ibid.
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If you find a journal article via an online database search, then include a DOI
(Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a permanent ID that,
when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an Internet browser,
will lead to the source. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include an access
date only if one is required by your publisher or discipline.
Footnote (1st reference) – Authors’ name (first, last), “Title of article,” title
of journal, volume, issue, (date): page number, accessed date, doi #
(2nd consecutive reference): authors’ last name, “title of article,” page
numbers.
(3rd consecutive reference): Ibid.
1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an
Evolving Social Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411,
accessed February 28, 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.
2. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 439.
3. Ibid.
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Newspaper and magazine articles are considered “popular” sources and
may not be as credible as academic sources because they may have explicit
or implicit bias. Use these sources with caution. The following examples
show the more formal versions of the citations. If you consulted the article
online, include a URL; include an access date only if your publisher or
discipline requires one. If no author is identified, begin the citation with the
article title.
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Footnote (1st reference) – Author’s name (first, last), “title of article,” title of
newspaper/magazine, date of publication, page number.
(2nd consecutive reference) – author’s last name, “title of article,” page
number.
(3rd consecutive reference) – Ibid.
1. Daniel Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” New Yorker, January 25, 2010, 68.
2. Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Robert Pear, “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in
Health Care Vote,” New York Times, February 27, 2010, accessed February 28,
2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html.
3. Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” 69.
4. Stolberg and Pear, “Wary Centrists.”
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Websites need to be assessed on a case-by-case situation for credibility because
anyone can create a website and write information on the web. Consider the
author and the purpose for the website when assessing credibility. Because
such content is subject to change, include an access date or, if available, a date
that the site was last modified.
Footnote (1st reference) – “title of website,” last modified or last accessed
date, url.
(2nd consecutive reference) – “title of website.”
(3rd consecutive reference) – Ibid.
1. “Google Privacy Policy,” last modified March 11, 2009,
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
2. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,” McDonald’s Corporation,
accessed July 19, 2008, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
3. “Google Privacy Policy.”
4. “Toy Safety Facts.”
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Start your bibliography on a new page and order the
entries alphabetically.
The first line of each entry is left justified and
subsequent lines are tabbed in .5.
Each section of an entry is separated from other with a
period, so if you cut and paste the footnote, please be
aware that you must change the commas to periods and
switch the first listed author’s to last name, first name.
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Weinstein, Joshua I. “The Market in Plato’s
Republic.” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–
58.
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Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of
Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American
Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed
February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247.
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Mendelsohn, Daniel. “But Enough about Me.” New
Yorker, January 25, 2010.
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Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. “Wary Centrists
Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote.” New York
Times, February 27, 2010. Accessed February 28,
2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28
health.html.
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Google. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March
11, 2009.
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
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McDonald’s Corporation. “McDonald’s Happy Meal
Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19, 2008.
http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.h
tml.
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Make an appointment at the Writing Center to sit with a
tutor who can show you how to use the reference guide:
http://www.callutheran.edu/writing_center
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Head to this great website:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu and click on CMS format
and style guidelines
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Go to the searchable CMS website:
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationgui
de.html
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Questions?
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Thank you! Please visit the CLU Writing Center in the
Pearson Library: www.callutheran.edu/writing_center
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American
Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247.
Google. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11, 2009.
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
McDonald’s Corporation. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19, 2008.
http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
Mendelsohn, Daniel. “But Enough about Me.” New Yorker, January 25, 2010.
Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (n.d.) APA Style. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/.
Rasmussen, K. (2003). A writer's guide to research and documentation (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote.” New York
Times, February 27, 2010. Accessed February 28, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28 health.html.
Weinstein, Joshua I. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–58.