Presentation of footnotes and bibliography
Footnotes are used to give sources of direct quotations and sources of
information or unusual facts, and sometimes to expand on matters referred to in
the main text.
They are indicated by sequential numbers which appear at the end of the appropriate
sentence or passage in the text. The numbers appear at the bottom of the page or at the
end of the text, preferably for reader convenience at the bottom of the page.
The number is used only once; additional references to the same source are indicated
by several conventional terms:
Ibid meaning the same
Op cit meaning opus citato or work cited (referred to)
Ibid is used when the very next footnote uses the same source as the preceding
footnote.
Op cit is used to refer to a source quoted in an earlier footnote.
Footnotes should be used with discretion but a reasonable number must appear
in your essay to indicate the range of sources you have used and to acknowledge
both direct quotes and general indebtedness of your information.
Here is a sample of how these principles operate in practice.
1. Bill Gammage The Broken Years:Australian Soldiers in the Great War Ringwood,
Penguin, 1975. p 67
2. Ibid., p 89
3. C.E.W. Bean Gallipoli Mission Melbourne, Angus and Robertson, 1957. p 119
4. Frank Richards Old Soldiers Never Die London, Blackwells, 1964. p 275
5. Bean, op cit., p 45
6. Richards, op cit., p 86
7. Ibid., p 94
You will notice that full publishing details are given only on the first reference.
Bibliography
At the end of your essay and on a separate page provide a full list of your
resources, including those in your footnotes and those used for general reading.
Sources appear in alphabetical order according to the authors' last names.
The details appear in this order and on the same line:
Author Title City of publication Publisher Date of publication
For example:
Bean, C.E.W Gallipoli Mission Melbourne, Angus and Robertson, 1957.
Crawford,R.M Australia Third edition. London, Hutchinson. 1970.
Gammage, Bill The Broken Years:Australian Soldiers in the Great War Ringwood,
Penguin, 1975.
Richards, Frank Old Soldiers Never Die London, Blackwells, 1964.
Sometimes the name of the publisher is omitted but it is a useful item to include.
Internet references should also appear in the non-print section of the bibliography.
FOLLOW ALL THE ABOVE POINTS PRECISELY, INCLUDING
FORMAT AND PUNCTUATION.