ANIMAL AND PLANT KINGDOM
By Javier Becerril
INDEX
1.- ANIMAL KINGDOM
1.A. VERTEBRATES
1Aa. FISH
1Ab. MAMMALS
1Ac. AMPHIBIANS
1Ad. REPTILES
1Ae. BIRDS
1.B. INVERTEBRATES
1.B.a. WORMS
1.B.b. ARTHROPODS
1.B.c. MOLLUSCS
2.-PLANT KINGDOM
2.A PLANT PARTS
2.A.a ROOTS
2.A.b. STEM
2.A.c. LEAVES
2.A.d. FLOWER
2.A.e. FRUIT
2.A.f. SEEDS
2.B PHOTOSYNTHESIS
2.B.a DIAGRAM AND PROCESS
3.-FOOD CHAIN
3.A. DEFINITION
3.B. ACTORS IN FOOD CHAIN
3.B.a Decomposers
3.B.b Producers
3.B.c Primary consumer
3.B.d Secondary consumer
3.B.e Tertiary consumer
3.C. EXAMPLES
4-ECOSYSTEM
4.A. DEFINITION
4.B.TYPES
4.B.a AQUATIC
4.B.a.1. FRESHWATER
4.B.a.2. MARINE
4.B.b TERRESTIAL
4.B.b.1 DESSERT
4.B.b.2 GRASSLAND
4.B.b.3 FOREST
1
1A
Vertebrates or Invertebrates
We divide the animal Kingdom into two groups:
Vertebrates are animals with a backbone inside their bodies.
Fish, dogs and humans are examples of vertebrates.
1A
Vertebrate classes
Class
Main features
Examples
amphibians
moist permeable skin
frog, newt,
salamander
fish
gills, wet scales
goldfish, shark, cod
reptiles
dry scales
birds
feathers, beaks
mammals
fur, produce milk
crocodile, lizard,
snake
budgerigar, sparrow,
ostrich
rabbit, kangaroo,
human, dolphin
1Aa
Fish
• Fish breathe through gills,
and live in water.
• They have scales and fins.
• Most are cold-blooded and
lay eggs (sharks are fish, but
they give birth to live
young).
1Ab
Mammals
• Mammals are warmblooded, and are nourished
by their mothers’ milk;
most are born live
(however, the platypus lays
eggs).
• Most mammals also have
body hair.
•We, humans, are mammals
too.
1Ac
Amphibians
• Amphibians are coldblooded and live in water as
tadpoles (breathing through
gills) and on land as adults
(breathing with lungs).
• The main types of
amphibians are frogs and
toads, and salamanders.
1Ad
Reptiles
• Reptiles are cold-blooded and
breathe with lungs. They have
scales, and most lay eggs.
• Reptiles include snakes, turtles
and tortoises, crocodiles and
alligators, and lizards.
• Dinosaurs were reptiles, although
some scientists believe that some
were warm blooded.
• Reptiles are more common in the
tropics than in warm regions and
are not found in polar areas.
1Ae
Birds
•Birds are warm-blooded
animals with feathers and
wings.
• They lay eggs, and most
can fly (although many,
including penguins and
ostriches, can’t fly).
• Because birds are warmblooded, their eggs have to be
incubated to keep the
embryos inside warm, or they
will perish.
1B
Vertebrates or Invertebrates
Invertebrates do not have a
skeleton. Some examples of
these are spiders, flies and
caterpillars.
Vertebrates are often larger
and have more complex
bodies than invertebrates.
However, there are many
more invertebrates than
vertebrates.
1Ba
Characteristics of Worms
• Annelids (A nuh ludz) have tube-shaped bodies that are
divided into many segments.
• On the outside of each body segment are bristlelike
structures called setae (SEE tee).
• The most well-known annelids
are earthworms.
• Segmented worms use their
setae to hold on to the soil
and to move.
• Each body segment, except for the
first and last segments, has four
pairs of setae.
• Earthworms, marine worms, and leeches are examples
of annelids.
1Bb
Characteristics of Arthropods
• There are more than a million different species of
arthropods, (AR thruh pahdz).
• The jointed appendages of arthropods can include legs,
antennae, claws, and pincers.
• Arthropods have segmented bodies, an exoskeleton, a body
cavity, a digestive system with two openings, and a nervous
system.
• Arthropods are adapted to living in almost
every environment.
• All arthropods have a hard, outer covering called an
exoskeleton.
• It covers, supports, and protects the internal body and
provides places for muscles to attach.
1Bc
Characteristics of Mollusks
• Mollusks (MAH lusks) are soft-bodied invertebrates
with one or two shells.
• The three most common groups of mollusks are
gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods.
• Most mollusks live in water, but some live on land.
• Snails, clams, and squid are examples of mollusks.
• Mollusks that have shells are then classified by the
kind of shell.
2A
There are 6 Main Parts to a Plant
1. Root
2. Stem
3. Leaves
4. Flower
5. Seeds
6. Fruit
2Aa
Root
What are the jobs
of a root?
o Keep the plant in place
oTake water from the soil
oTake in food from the
soil
2Ab
Stem
What are the
jobs of a stem?
o stands the plant up
o acts like an elevator
and takes the food
and water up to the
rest of the plant
2Ac
Leaves
What are the
jobs of a leaf?
o breathes in air
otakes in sunlight
2Ad
Flower
What are the
jobs of a
flower?
o attracts insects
with colors and smell,
so the insects can
pollinate the flowers
o makes seeds
2Ae
Fruits
What do fruits
do?
o protect seeds that
are inside them.
2Af
Seeds
What do seeds
do?
o are the way that
plants make other
plants just like them
o have a small plant
inside them
o drop to the soil or
are carried by wind,
water, or animals
2B
Why is Photosynthesis important?
Makes organic molecules (glucose) out
of inorganic materials (carbon dioxide
and water).
It begins all food chains/webs. Thus all
life is supported by this process.
It also makes oxygen gas!!
2Ba
PROCESS PHOTOSYNTHESIS
2Ba
PROCESS PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1.Photosynthesis is a combination of light energy, carbon dioxide and
water.
2.Green plants, blue - green algae, and certain bacteria are able to carry
out photosynthesis.
3.Photosynthesis receives water from either through roots or the leaves.
4.Carbon dioxide is taken in and released through the stomata.
5.Photosynthesis allows the chlorophyll inside each leaf to capture
energy.
6.They use light and the green in their leaves to make sugar from carbon
dioxide and water.
7.The energy from sunlight is used to build carbohydrates, also known as
sugar, are the plants' food
8.The plant uses the sugar but also stores some.
9.The sugar is then used to give the plant energy so that it can grow.
3AyB
DEFINITION AND ACTORS
3AyB
DEFINITION AND ACTORS
Primary Consumer
Secondary
Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
A food chain shows the path of energy from one living thing to another.
Decomposers like bacteria, are necessary for all food chains.
3AyB
DEFINITION AND ACTORS
A food chain is the sequence of who eats whom in a biological community (an
ecosystem) to obtain nutrition. A food chain starts with the primary energy source,
usually the sun or boiling-hot deep sea vents. The next link in the chain is an organism
that make its own food from the primary energy source. These are called primary
producers.
Next come organisms that eat the primary producers; these organisms are called
herbivores or primary consumers -- an example is a rabbit that eats grass.
The next link in the chain is animals that eat herbivores - these are called secondary
consumers -- an example is a snake that eat rabbits.
In turn, these animals are eaten by larger predators -- an example is an owl that eats
snakes.
The tertiary consumers are eaten by quaternary consumers -- an example is a hawk
that eats owls. Each food chain end with a top predator, and animal with no natural
enemies (like an alligator, hawk, or polar bear).
The arrows in a food chain show the flow of energy, from the sun or hydrothermal
vent to a top predator. As the energy flows from organism to organism, energy is lost
at each step. A network of many food chains is called a food web/chain.
3AyB
DEFINITION AND ACTORS
Primary producers (organisms that make
their own food from sunlight and/or
chemical energy from deep sea vents) are
the base of every food chain - these
organisms are called autotrophs.
Primary consumers are animals that eat
primary producers; they are also called
herbivores (plant-eaters).
Secondary consumers eat primary
consumers. They are carnivores (meateaters) and omnivores (animals that eat
both animals and plants).
Tertiary consumers eat secondary
consumers.
Quaternary consumers eat tertiary
consumers.
Food chains "end" with top predators,
animals that have little or no natural
enemies.
3C
FOOD CHAIN EXAMPLES
3C
4AyB
What is Eco system?
• An ecosystem consists of the biological
community that occurs in some locale, and
the physical and chemical factors that make
up its non-living or abiotic environment
• There are 2 Major classes of ecosystems.
1. Aquatic
1. Freshwater Ecosystems
2. Marine Ecosystems
2. Terrestrial Ecosystems
4Ba
Aquatic Ecosystems
• Freshwater
–Ponds & Lakes
–Streams &
Rivers
–Wetlands
• Marine
–Oceans
–Coral Reefs
–Estuaries
4Ba1
Freshwater
• Freshwater is defined as having a
low salt concentration—usually less
than 1%
• Plants and animals in freshwater
regions are adjusted to the low salt
content and would not be able to
survive in areas of high salt
concentration (i.e, ocean)
4Ba2
Marine
• cover about three-fourths of the Earth’s surface
and include oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries
• algae supply much of the world’s oxygen supply
and take in a huge amount of atmospheric
carbon dioxide
• evaporation of the seawater provides rainwater
for the land
• Water is salted
4Bb
Terrestrial
Forest
Grassland
Desert
4Bb1
Forest Ecosystem
• High rainfall
•Large number of organism and
flora
• Highly diverse population
• Stability of ecosystem is very
sensitive
4Bb2
Grassland Ecosystem
•
•
•
•
Marginal rainfall
Vegetation is dominated by grasses
Unimproved wild-plant communities
Densely populated
4Bb3
Desert Ecosystem
• High temperature, intense
sunlight and low water
• Flora and fauna are very
poorly developed and scarce
• Organisms are xeric adaptive
• Scarely populated