Ch. 1

Vocabulary
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Classify- to put things into groups
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Kingdom- the highest or most general group of organisms
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Phylum- the second level of classification below the level of kingdom
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Class- the level of classification below phylum

Vocabulary
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Species- the lowest level of classification
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Vertebrate- an organism with a backbone
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Invertebrate- animals without backbones

Lesson 1
Why do we classify?
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Biologists classify a living thing by comparing and contrasting the living thing’s physical characteristics with the physical characteristics or known organisms
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A classification systems helps organize information and makes communication more exact.
 What dog are you thinking of?

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This is what I was thinking of.

Classification Systems
 Today’s classification system was developed by many people and is still changing
 The seven levels of classification are:
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Kingdom
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Phylum
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Class
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Order
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Family
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Genus
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Species

Classification Systems
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The six KINGDOMS of living things are:
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Archaebacteria
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Eubacteria
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Protists
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Fungi
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Plants
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Animals

Classification Systems
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Archaebacteria- live as single cells.
Many do not need oxygen or sunlight to live
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Eubacteria- single cells that have materials not found in archaebacteria
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Protists- most protists are single cells, but some have many cells. Algae are protists

Classification Systems
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Fungi- Mushrooms and molds are fungi. Fungi can be made of one or many cells
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Plants- plants have many cells and make their own sugar for food
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Animals- Animals have many cells and get their food by eating other organisms

Lesson 2
How do we classify vertebrates?
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Every animal has characteristics that distinguish it from all other animals
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Vertebrates:
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They are multi-cellular. They are made of more than one cell
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They do not create their own food.
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They can move on their own during part of or all their lives.

Vertebrates
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Almost all animals do not have backbones.
Those that do are classified as vertebrates.
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Vertebrates:
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Fish
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Amphibians
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Reptiles
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Birds
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Mammals

Characteristics of Mammals
 Breathe air with lungs
 Make milk for their young
 Most mammals have fur
 Warm blooded
 Babies are born looking like their parents

Life Cycle of Mammals
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Characteristics of Reptiles
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Hatch from eggs
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Life Cycle of Reptiles
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Characteristics of Birds
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Life Cycle of Birds
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Hatched (hard-shelled eggs)
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Characteristics of Amphibians
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Life Cycle of Amphibians
 Metamorphosis- many changes occur during their life
 Frog’s Life Cycle
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Egg
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Tadpole
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Grow legs and tail gets shorter
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Develop lungs
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Start living on land

Characteristics of Fish
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Life Cycle of Fish
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Discovery of Dinosaur Fossils
 Scientist study fossils to classify animals that lived in the past
 Fossil evidence indicates that dinosaurs were similar to present day lizards in many ways including:
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Skeleton with backbone
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Scales
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4 legs
 Dinosaurs and lizards have different structures for their legs.

Review
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What are the five types of vertebrates?
How many cells does a multicellular organism such as a bear have?
Humans are classified as mammals. What can you predict about the life cycle of humans?
How are birds and mammals alike?
Why is the ability to fly not a defining characteristic of birds?

Review
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Why are young birds hatched with parents present, while most young reptiles hatch long after parents have left the nest?
How are amphibians and reptiles similar?
What class of vertebrates did you find if you discovered an animal that hatched from an egg, spent the next stage of its life entirely in water, and then began to get oxygen through lungs rather than gills?

Review
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Tadpoles may be found in water and get their oxygen using gills. Why are tadpoles not classified as fish?
What do scientists compare dinosaur fossils with to classify them?
Why do scientists think dinosaurs are more closely related to reptiles than mammals

Lesson 3
How do we classify invertebrates?
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Invertebrates are by far the most numerous animals on Earth
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Invertebrate are animals that do NOT have backbones.
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Invertebrate animals can range in length from microscopic to the width of a basketball court

Invertebrates Classification
 Invertebrates
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Mollusks
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Worms
Arthropods
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Cnidarians

Mollusks
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Mollusks have soft bodies without backbones.
 Phylum includes:
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Snails, Slugs, Clams, Squids (largest invertebrate)
 Some mollusks get oxygen through their skin and other get oxygen through gills

Worms
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Flatworms- flat and very thin, they live in wet and damp places
Roundworms- can live on water or land
Segmented worms- include earthworm

Arthropods
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Largest phylum of animals
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Have bodies that are divided into separate parts
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All arthropods are invertebrates
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Dichotomous key- an organized series of questions designed to lead to the identification of an unknown organism

Arthropods
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Examples of Arthropods:
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Insects
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Lobsters
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Spiders
 Arthropods receive oxygen in different ways:
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Gills
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Tubes in the body
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Book lungs

Dichotomous Key

Review
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What animals is the largest invertebrate?
How are mollusks, worms, and coral different from fish, birds, and reptiles?
How do mollusks obtain oxygen?
What are the identifying characteristics of arthropods?

Lesson 4
How are other organisms classified?
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Plants produce their own food
Phyla (phylum) includes:
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Mosses
Ferns
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Conifers
Flowering plants
Plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own sugar for food

Plants
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Vascular plants- have special tubes that carry food and water to parts of the plant
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Parts of a plant:
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Roots
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Leaves
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Organisms in the plant kingdom are multicellular

Mosses
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Characteristics of moss:
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Not vascular
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No seeds
No flowers
Grows on trees
Small plant with tiny leaf-like structures

Ferns
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Characteristics of Ferns:
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Vascular
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No seeds
No flowers
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Have feather-like leaves
Will grow larger than moss because it is vascular

Conifers
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Characteristics of conifers:
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Vascular
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Has seeds
No flowers
Phylum includes:
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Pine, Firs, Spruce
Needle-like leaves

Flowering Plants
 Characteristics of Flowering Plants:
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Vascular
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Has seeds
Has flowers