Population and Migration
Unit 2
Key Question:
Where in the World do People
Live and Why?
Many Ways of Measuring
Population:
Population Density –
measure of total
population relative to land
size (arithmetic population
density).
World Population Density
Populations are falling in some parts of the
world. How will Figure 2.5 look different 50
years from now? If you were updating this
textbook in 50 years, where would the largest
population clusters in the world be?
Why do Populations Rise or
Fall in Particular Places?
A Population Bomb?
• Malthus (early 1800s) worried about
population growing exponentially and
resources growing linearly.
• Ehrlich (1960s) warned of a population
bomb because the world’s population was
outpacing food production.
World Population Growth –
Rate of natural increase (does not take into account
immigration and emigration).
Today, the pace of world population growth is slowing.
Where have Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) fallen
below replacement level and why?
Population Growth in India
• Significant
demographic
variations occur
within countries.
– In India, growth
rates are higher
in the east and
northeast.
Why do Growth Rates Vary in
India?
• 1960s population planning program
• 1970s country began forced sterilization
program for men with 3 or more children.
– 22.5 million men were sterilized.
• 2004 state of Uttar Pradesh began guns
for sterilization program.
• Today, most states use advertising and
persuasion to lower birth rates.
Maharashtra, India. A sign reads “free family planning sterlization
operation” closed in 1996.
The Demographic Transition
in Great Britain
• Studied the change in birth rates, death
rates, and natural growth rates over the
course of British industrialization.
• Found a transition occurred when death
rates decline and then birth rates decline,
resulting in a low or sustained growth rate.
World Birth Rate –
number of births in a year per 1,000 people.
World Mortality Rate –
number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people.
The Demographic Transition
The Demographic Transition
• Stage 1: Low Growth
• Stage 2: High Growth
• Stage 3: Moderate Growth
• Stage 4: Low Growth or Stationary
• Stationary population level (SPL)?
Why does Population
Composition Matter?
Population Composition
Population Composition is concerned with:
– Gender distribution
– Age distribution
within a country, region, or place.
Population Pyramids –
Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the
total population, divided by gender.
For poorer countries, the chart is shaped like a pyramid.
Infant mortality rates are high, life expectancy is shorter.
In poorer countries, Infant Mortality Rates are
usually high, which is reflected in the pyramid shape.
In poorer countries, Life Expectancy is usually
shorter, which is also reflected in the pyramid shape.
Affect of AIDS on
population pyramid
for South Africa.
Predicted population for
2035, without and with AIDS.
With AIDS, looks like a
population “chimney.”
AIDS is leaving large numbers of AIDS
orphans.
AIDS is creating large numbers of
AIDS care-givers.
Drawing by a Pokot boy in Kenya, the drawing shows
him working in the fields and taking care of his family
cattle in order to assist his sick family members.
Population Pyramids –
Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the
total population, divided by gender.
For wealthier countries, the chart is shaped like a lopsided
vase. Population is aging, TFRs are declining.
Age Structure of a Population
• The populations of many countries are
aging.
Bordeaux, France
- eg. Europe
- eg. Japan
Photo credit: H.J. de Blij
Aging Populations
• To replace the population, TFR must be
2.1.
-
TFR in Bologna, Italy is 0.8
Why are women having fewer children?
• What are the impacts of an aging
population on a country?
• What are the “solutions” to an aging
population?
Longer Life Expectancies typically mean
higher rates of chronic diseases.
In the United States, the national infant
mortality rate (IMR) is 7.0. That number
represents an average for the country. Think
about the differences in IMR in the United
States across regions, ethnicities, social
classes, and other sectors.
How do Governments Affect
Population Change?
Government Population Policies
• Expansive Population Policies
- Encourages population growth.
• Eugenic Population Policies
- Favors one racial or cultural sector over others.
• Restrictive Population Policies
- range from toleration of unapproved birth control to
outright prohibition of large families.
China’s One Child Policy
What are some of the limitations, unintended consequences, and
contradictions found in government policies toward population growth?
When studying government policies on
population, one of the most important things to
remember is unintended consequences.
Choose one country in the world where women
have little access to education and are
disempowered. Consider the previous section
of the chapter on age composition, and
determine how restrictive population policies in
this country will alter the population
composition of the country.
Migration
Chapter 3
What is Migration?
Movement
• Cyclic Movement –
movement away from home
for a short period.
– Commuting
– Seasonal movement
– Nomadism
• Periodic Movement –
movement away from home
for a longer period.
– Migrant labor
– Transhumance
– Military service
Migration
Migration –
A change in
residence that is
intended to be
permanent.
Little Haiti, Miami, Florida
International Migration –
Movement across country borders (implying a degree of
permanence).
Internal Migration Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a
degree of permanence).
Why do People Migrate?
Why do People Migrate?
• Forced Migration – Human migration flows
in which the movers have no choice but to
relocate.
• Voluntary Migration – Human migration
flows in which the movers respond to
perceived opportunity, not force.
Forced Migration – the Atlantic Slave Trade
Voluntary Migration –
Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to
emigrate from the home country and second, where to go.
Distance
Decay weighs
into the decision
to migrate,
leading many
migrants to
move less far
than they
originally
contemplate.
Kinds of Voluntary Migration
• Step Migration –
When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or
steps toward a final destination.
* intervening opportunity –at one of the steps along
the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle
there.
• Chain Migration –
When a migrant communicates to family and friends at
home, encouraging further migration along the same
path, along kinship links.
Types of Push and Pull Factors
•
•
•
•
•
•
Economic Conditions
Political Circumstances
Armed Conflict and Civil War
Environmental Conditions
Culture and Traditions
Technological Advances
Economic Conditions –
Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic
opportunities that will enable them to send money home
(remittances) to their family members who remain behind.
Environmental Conditions –
In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the
island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable.
People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.
Think about a migration flow within your family,
whether internal, international, voluntary, or
forced. The flow can be one you experienced
or one you only heard about through family.
List the push and pull factors. Then, write a
letter in the first person (if you were not
involved, pretend you were your grandmother
or whomever) to another family member at
“home” describing how you came to migrate to
your destination.
Where do People Migrate?
Global Migration Flows
• Between 1500 and 1950, major global
migration flows were influenced largely by:
– Exploration
– Colonization
– The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Impacts the place the migrants leave and
where the migrants go.
Major Global Migration Flows
From 1500 to 1950
Regional Migration Flows
• Migrants go to neighboring countries:
- for short term economic opportunities.
- to reconnect with cultural groups
across borders.
- to flee political conflict or war.
Economic
Opportunities
Islands of
Development –
Places within a
region or country
where foreign
investment, jobs,
and infrastructure
are concentrated.
Economic
Opportunities
In late 1800s and
early 1900s,
Chinese migrated
throughout
Southeast Asia to
work in trade,
commerce, and
finance.
Reconnecting
Cultural Groups
About 700,000 Jews
migrated to thenPalestine between
1900 and 1948.
After 1948, when the
land was divided into
two states (Israel and
Palestine), 600,000
Palestinian Arabs fled
or were pushed out of
newly-designated
Israeli territories.
Jerusalem, Israel: Jewish settlements on the West Bank.
National Migration Flows
• Also known as internal migration
- eg. US, Russia, Mexico
Guest Workers
• Guest workers – migrants whom a country
allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the
workers will go “home” once the labor
need subsides.
- have short term work visas
- send remittances to home country
Refugees
A person who flees across an international boundary because of a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.
Regions of Dislocation –
What regions generate the most refugees?
•
•
•
•
•
Subsaharan Africa
North Africa and Southwest Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Europe
The Sudan –
Fighting in the Darfur region of the Sudan has generated thousands of
refugees. In eastern Chad, the Iridimi refugee camp is home to almost 15,000
refugees from the Darfur province, including the women in this photo.
Imagine you are from an extremely poor
country, and you earn less than $1 a day.
Choose a country to be from, and look for it on
a map. Assume you are a voluntary migrant.
You look at your access to transportation and
the opportunities you have to go elsewhere. Be
realistic, and describe how you determine
where you will go, how you get there, and what
you do once you get there.
How do Governments Affect
Migration?
Governments Place
Legal Restrictions on Migration
• Immigration laws – laws that restrict or
allow migration of certain groups into a
country.
– Quotas limit the number of migrants from
each region into a country.
– A country uses selective immigration to bar
people with certain backgrounds from
entering.
Waves of Immigration
Changing immigration laws, and changing push and pull
factors create waves of immigration.
Post-September 11