ANIMAL
SCIENCE
Group Project
◦ Beef cattle
◦ Dairy cattle
◦ Equine
◦ Goat
◦ Honeybees
◦ Role, importance, scope
◦ # in US
◦ 5 most common breeds
◦ Breed groups
◦ Sheep
◦ Location of industry in US
◦ Swine
◦ Value of industry in US
◦ Broilers
◦ Names of gender and life stage
◦ Layers
◦ Term for giving birth
◦ Turkeys
◦ Common management practices
(breeding, feeding, health, facilities,
etc.)
◦ Ducks
◦ Rabbits
◦ Llamas
◦ Aquaculture
◦ Gestation or incubation period
Important Terms
◦ Abomasum
◦ Fertilization
◦ Aging
◦ Gestation
◦ Anatomy
◦ Immobilization
◦ Absorption
◦ Invertebrate
◦ Artificial insemination
◦ Lactation
◦ Breed
◦ Layer
◦ Broiler
◦ Homeothermic
◦ Candling
◦ Non-ruminant
◦ Castration
◦ Omasum
◦ Cecum
◦ Ovulation
◦ Confinement facility
◦ Parturition
◦ Crossbreeding
◦ Physiology
◦ Curing
◦ Puberty
◦ Domestication
◦ Primal cuts
◦ Ectothermic
◦ Reticulum
◦ Embryo transfer
◦ Ruminant
◦ Estrus
◦ Rumen
◦ Exsanguination
◦ Vertebrate
◦ Farrowing crate
◦ Wholesale cuts
Animal Traits
◦ Part of Kingdom Animalia
◦ Two major groups
◦ Vertebrates – have backbone structure
◦ Phylum Chordata
◦ Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians
◦ Invertebrates – lack backbone
◦ Insects, crustaceans, worms,
◦ Common Traits
◦ Made of many cells
◦ Move about
◦ Get food from other sources
◦ Plants or other animals
Main Vertebrate Group Traits
◦ Birds – Class Aves
◦ Fish
◦ Feathers
◦ Scales
◦ Thin, light-weight bones
◦ Gills to filter oxygen
◦ Lay fertilized eggs
◦ Eggs fertilized after being laid
◦ 4-chamber heart
◦ Ectothermic
◦ Homeothermic
◦ Mammals – Class Mammalia
◦ Reptiles – Class Reptilia
◦ Scales
◦ Hair or fur
◦ Lay fertilized eggs
◦ Give live birth/mammary glands
◦ 4-chamber heart
◦ 4-chamber heart
◦ Ectothermic
◦ Homeothermic
◦ Amphibians – Class Amphibia
◦ Smooth or slimy skin
◦ Soft eggs
◦ Complex life cycle
◦ Ectothermic
Animal Uses
◦ Most agricultural animals are used for food – meat, milk, and eggs, but animals
can be used for other purposes such as:
◦ Clothing (sheep, goats, cattle, llamas, rabbits, etc.)
◦ Power (horses, donkeys)
◦ Recreation and companionship (horses, cats, dogs, etc.)
◦ Medical Research (rodents, primates, rabbits, etc.)
◦ By-products (fats, organs, bones, hide, manure, glands, hooves, horns, hair, etc.)
Animal Welfare vs. Animal Rights
◦ Animal welfare supporters emphasize the humane treatment of animals in
research, production agriculture, and pet ownership.
◦ Believe animals can and should be used for food.
◦ Sound management practices are important (proper feeding, ventilation, heating and
cooling systems, medical care, etc.)
◦ Animal rights activists do not believe animals should be used by humans – and in
fact have the same rights are humans.
◦ Attack experimentation, hormone use, confinement operations, management practices
(dehorning, castrating), hunting and trapping, entertainment (circuses, rodeos, livestock
shows)
Anatomy
◦ There are 12 body systems found in most agricultural animals. These systems are
made up of a series of organs. Organs are made up of tissue and tissue is made
up of cells.
◦ Body Systems
Skeletal
Muscular
Respiratory
Mammary
Excretory
Endocrine
Nervous
Circulatory
Reproductive
Digestive
Immune
Integumentary
Skeletal System
◦ Provides frame and support for all other systems
◦ Made up of bones and cartilage
◦ Cartilage protects bones and lubricates joints
Nervous System
◦ Transmits information to and from other parts of the body
◦ Central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord
◦ Peripheral nervous system contains nerves that connect to muscles and
organs
Muscular System
◦ Largest internal body system
◦ Important in movement, respiration, circulation, and digestion
◦ Made organ system used for food (cuts of meat)
Circulatory System
◦ Moves digested food, water, and waste throughout the body
◦ Blood is made up of water, glucose, vitamins, minerals, and proteins
◦ Includes heart, arteries, and veins
Respiratory System
◦ Responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
◦ Includes mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs in terrestrial animals,
gills in aquatic animals, and spiracles in insects
Reproductive System
◦ Ability of animals in increase number of species
◦ Differences in animals that give live birth and those that lay eggs
◦ Female mammal parts include ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva
◦ Male mammal parts include testicles, scrotum, penis, sheath, seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, and cowper’s gland
Mammary System
◦ Found only in females that nurse their young
◦ Made up of glands that create and secrete milk
◦ Vital to dairy industry
Digestive System
◦ Prepares food for use by the body
◦ Non-ruminant digestion includes mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
◦ Ruminant mammal digestion includes a 4 chamber
stomach so animals can digest roughages – rumen,
reticulum, omasum, and abomasum
◦ Poultry digestion includes the crop, gizzard, cecum,
and vent
Excretory System
◦ Rids the body of waste to help maintain the
proper balance of water and blood
◦ Wastes include carbon dioxide, water, and
nitrogen
◦ Organs include kidney, ureters, bladder and
urethra
Immune System
◦ Defends the body against infection and disease
◦ Organs include lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
Endocrine System
◦ Includes production of hormones to trigger
growth and development of certain parts of the
body
◦ Consists of pituitary gland, adrenal gland and
pancreas
Integumentary System
◦ Protects body from damage
◦ Includes skin, hair, scales, feathers, and nails
◦ Defends against infection, protects against dehydration, perspiration,
vitamin D production