English Colonial Society
Preview: “British colonials were such
a diverse, contentious lot that any
hope of political union seemed utterly
impractical….Yet despite such
disagreements, a majority of white
colonials took pride in their English
traditions and in membership in a
powerful empire.”
Demographics: Forces of Division

Immigration and
Natural Increase
• Enormous ethnic
diversity
• Tremendous
birthrate: three
times higher than
today
• Demographic
changes resulted in
shift in the balance
of power between
the colonies and
England.
• 1700 = less than
300,000 people;
• 2.5 million by 1775
Population growth in the American colonies






1625: 2,500; 90% male; 95% white; primary source of
increase is immigration
1650:
1700:
1725:
1750:
1775:
Population growth in the American colonies






1625: 2,500; 90% male; 95% white; primary source of
increase is immigration
1650: 50,000; 70% male; 85% white; source of increase
now immigration augmented by birth rate
1700:
1725:
1750:
1775:
Population growth in the American colonies






1625: 2,500; 90% male; 95% white; primary source of
increase is immigration
1650: 50,000; 70% male; 85% white; source of increase
now immigration augmented by birth rate
1700: 250,000; 65% male; 80% white; sources of
increase unchanged
1725:
1750:
1775:
Population growth in the American colonies






1625: 2,500; 90% male; 95% white; primary source of
increase is immigration
1650: 50,000; 70% male; 85% white; source of increase
now immigration augmented by birth rate
1700: 250,000; 65% male; 80% white; sources of
increase unchanged
1725: 600,000; 65% male; 80% white; population now
doubles every 25 years
1750:
1775:
Population growth in the American colonies






1625: 2,500; 90% male; 95% white; primary source of
increase is immigration
1650: 50,000; 70% male; 85% white; source of increase
now immigration augmented by birth rate
1700: 250,000; 65% male; 80% white; sources of
increase unchanged
1725: 600,000; 65% male; 80% white; population now
doubles every 25 years
1750: 1.2 million; 60% male; 80% white; wave of
immigration
1775:
Population growth in the American colonies






1625: 2,500; 90% male; 95% white; primary source of
increase is immigration
1650: 50,000; 70% male; 85% white; source of increase
now immigration augmented by birth rate
1700: 250,000; 65% male; 80% white; sources of
increase unchanged
1725: 600,000; 65% male; 80% white; population now
doubles every 25 years
1750: 1.2 million; 60% male; 80% white; wave of
immigration
1775: 2.5 million; 60% male; 80% white; under 50%
English


New England the least ethnically
mixed
Middle colonies most ethnically mixed
Ethnic Groups
Notecard 41

The Settlement of the Backcountry
• Backcountry society was very isolated

Social Conflict on the Frontier
• 1763: Paxton boys (mostly Scots
Irish) protest inadequate protection
from Indians
• 1771, Carolina Regulator
Movement: Frustrated poor people
from western North Carolina rebelled
against the colonial government
• Ethnic and class differences sparked
tensions
Colonial Religion






Anglicans (Church of England)
King of England was the head of the Church
(his power came from God)
Used Book of Common Prayer, yet maintained
many Catholic practices
Established (tax supported) in the South
No American Bishops, loosely watched over
by the Bishop of London, power
predominately lodged in the hands of the
local vestries
Being a member carried a great degree of
status in the colonies
Name of Denomination
Number
Chief Locale
Congregationalists
575,000
New England
Anglicans
500,000
Presbyterians
410,000
N.Y., South, especially in
Virginia and Maryland
Frontier
German Churches (incl. Lutheran)
200,000
Pennsylvania
Dutch Reformed
75,000
N.Y., N.J.
Quakers
40,000
N.J. & Penn
Baptists
25,000
R.I., N.J., Del.
Roman Catholics
25,000
Maryland, Pennsylvania
Methodists
5,000
Scattered
Jews
2,000
N.Y., R.I.
Est. Total Membership
1,857,000
Est. Total Population
2,493,000
Percentage of Church
Members
74%
Colonies
Massachusetts
(including Maine)
Connecticut
New Hampshire
New York
Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Rhode Island
New Jersey
Delaware
Pennsylvania
Established
Churches
Congregational
(Puritans)
Congregational
Congregational
Anglican
Anglican
Anglican
Anglican
Anglican
Anglican
none
none
none
none
Year
Disestablished
1833
1818
1819
1777
1777
1786
1776
1778
1777
Enlightenment and Awakening in
America

The Enlightenment in America
• Ben Franklin and many colonial leaders
were devotees of the Enlightenment ideal
of human reason
• Movement of “rational Christianity” –
Christian beliefs must be reasonable
• Important thinkers: John Locke, Baron de
Montesquieu, and Adam Smith
• Deism (God as the watch maker)
• Many ministers grew concerned over the
growth of rationalism

The First Great
Awakening
• Evangelical reaction
to rationalism
• Emotional message
appealed to all
classes and
ethnicities
• George Whitfield
and Jonathan
Edwards most
famous preachers
Read Jonathon Edwards
“Sinners in the Hands of
an Angry God” on pages
rd
30 3 paragraph, “That
God holds you over a pit
of hell” (skip page 29)
Pages 27-28, Q 1-3

Colonial Religion handout

The Aftermath of the Great
Awakening
• Movement deepened divide between
religious factions, “Old Lights” vs. “New
Lights”
• Growth of Baptist and Presbyterian
churches
• New colleges founded, Columbia,
Brown, Dartmouth, Princeton (Ivy
League Schools)
• Democratizing Effect, lead to
Revolution?
Name of University Original Name Location
(if different)
Opened or
Founded
Denomination
Harvard
Cambridge,
Massachusetts
1636
Congregational
(Puritan)
William and Mary
Williamsburg,
Virginia
1693
Anglican
Yale
New Haven,
Connecticut
1701
Congregational
(Puritan)
Princeton
Collage of New Princeton, New 1746
Jersey
Jersey
Presbyterian
Pennsylvania
The Academy
Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
Nonsectarian
Columbia
King’s Collage
New York, New 1754
York
Anglican
Brown
Rhode Island
College
Providence,
Rhode Island
1764
Baptist
Rutgers
Queen’s
College
New
Brunswick,
New Jersey
Hanover, New
Hampshire
1766
Dutch
Reformed
1769
Congregational
(Puritan)
Dartmouth (began
as an Indian
missionary school)
1751
Colonial Economics
Eighteenth-Century
Seaports
• All major colonial
cities were
seaports

Philadelphia, New
York, Boston, &
Charleston
• Dominated by
merchants and
artisans

The Imperial
System before
1760
• English government’s
policy of salutary
(benign neglect):
indifference toward
American colonies
• Economically, the
Mercantilist system
was suppose to
dominate the
colonies, yet this idea
was hardly enforced
in any of its forms,
including the
Navigation Acts
Navigation Acts
(1660's)
I’m bloody
filthy rich!
furniture
lumber
tools
iron
textiles
cotton
1) Most products could be sold only to England.
Ex.) sugar, tobacco, indigo
2) All products going to the colonies had to first go through
England where the products were taxed.
spices
tea
tea
spices
Triangle Trade
England
.
.
Africa
England
.
.
Africa
England
.
.
.
Africa
Navigation Acts, pg. 62

Positives:

Negatives:


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










Positives:

Allowed Britain and the colonies to build up their

own merchant marines
Protected English manufacturers from foreign
trade

Ships had to be ¾ British (colonist counted)
Colonial urbanization- Phil, NYC
Colonial ship building expanded

Did not affect 60% of colonial exports (rum,
grain, & lumber were okay)
Gave colonist a monopoly on British markets for
many enumerated goods (cash crops)
Refunded much of the duties on re-exported
items

Led to economic diversification
Colonist could smuggle around laws
(Salutary Neglect)
Created some industries for colonies because of
bounties and tariffs, like lumber
Could still make some goods on a small scale
Could manufacture iron
Negatives:
Limited free
trade
Cut out Dutch
traders that sold
goods cheaper
Enumerated
goods had to
pass through
England and be
taxed
Banned largescale
manufacturing
New England Colonies
Farming was difficult in New
England because of:
• long winters
• thick forests
• rocky soil
* Fishing and trade became
major industries in New England.
Middle Colonies
• New York was first settled by the
Dutch, then the English.
• Pennsylvania was originally a
Quaker settlement.
• In time, Pennsylvania was settled
by German-speaking Protestants
known as the Pennsylvania Dutch.
• Farmers exported grain such as
wheat, barley, and rye.
• Therefore, the Middle Colonies
became known as the
Breadbasket Colonies.
Southern Colonies
• The South has rich soil and a
warm climate.
• Tobacco, rice, and indigo were
grown on plantations. (Cash
crops)
• Planters, or plantation owners,
relied on slave labor to
accumulate massive wealth.
Government structure of
Colonies
by
1775
1. Royal Colonies: 8 col. had
royal governors appointed
by the crown.
2. Proprietary Colonies: 3
col. led by proprietors
who chose governors
-- Mary., Penn., and Del.
3. Charter Colonies: Conn. &
R.I. elected own
governors
under self-gov. charters.

Bicameral legislature
most common
1. Upper house, or
Council -- normally
appointed by the
crown or proprietor


2. Lower house, or
Assembly -- elected
by property owners
Voted for taxes to pay
expenses in the
Colonial gov.
New England -townhall meetings
Voting restrictions
a. Property and/or
religious qualifications
were imposed
See Handout p. 63-64
Lord Cornbury:
New York Governor
from 1702 - 1708
New England Confederation
created to deal with the War
Dominion of New England (1686)




Purpose: Enforce
Navigation laws created
to protect mercantilist
system
James II appointed Sir
Edmund Andros to lead
the DNE, takes away most
all colonists rights
Triggered "First Amer. Rev.“
England's "Glorious
Revolution"
• Catholic James II dethroned
in Eng. and replaced by
Protestant William &
Mary
Essay 4
 Compare and contrast the colonies of
TWO of the following European
empires in North America before
1763.

• British
• French
• Spanish
French vs. Spanish vs. English
Summary of relations between the three
major colonial powers in America and
the Amerindians



Spain sought to Christianize and control
the Indians (through the encomienda,
hacienda and mission systems)
The French sought to establish strong
trade relations with the Native
Americans; Jesuits sought to convert
them.
English settlers often sought to either
move Indians westward or annihilate
them
Spanish Settlement


c. St. Augustine fortress erected (1565): oldest
European settlement in U.S.
-- Purpose: keep French out of Spanish southeast
territory & protect sea lanes in the Caribbean.
d. New Mexico founded in 1609, Santa Fe
became capital.
i. Mission system established in 17th century
ii. Pueblo Revolt (1680): Amerindians, led
by Pope, rebelled against Spanish rule;
eventually subdued


e. Texas: 1716, mission system
established in Texas
(including San Antonio-- later the Alamo
f. California
• i. Spain concerned about Britain &
Russia in N. America after 1763
• ii. Father Junipero Serra founded first
mission in San Diego in 1769.
-- 20 missions followed (Franciscan
friars); 4 presidios
France in North America
A. French exploration
1. Giovanni da Verrazano, 1524: sailed American
coast from Carolina to Maine.
-- Probably the first European to see New York
harbor.
2. Jacques Cartier explored up the St. Lawrence
River in 1530s.
3. In response, Spain erected fort St. Augustine,
Florida, (1565) to keep French out of North
American interior & Caribbean.
4. Samuel de Champlain “father of New France”
established Quebec in 1608 (a year after the
English founded Jamestown in Virginia)
French vs. Spanish vs. English
B. Of the European powers, the French were
the most successful in creating an effective
trading relationship with the Indians.
1.
English settlers sought to remove or exterminate
Amerindians
2. Spanish sought to Christianize Indians and use them for
forced labor.
-- Utilized the encomienda system (forced labor in towns),
hacienda system (forced labor for farming), and later, the
mission system (forced conversion).
The French became great gift givers (the key to getting on
with Amerindians who based inter-tribal relationships on
gift giving) during late 17th century.
i. Trade not seen as a transaction or contract (like in
Europe).
ii. Trade seen by Indians as a continuing process.
iii. When a group stopped trading w/ another, it was
tantamount to declaring war.
C. The beaver trade led to exploration of
much of North America;
(heavy demand for fur in European fashion)
1. Coureurs de bois (“runners of the woods”) –
Rough frontiersmen who sought to tap the lucrative
fur trade.
2. French seamen - voyageurs -- recruited Indians
into the fur trade
D. Jesuits: Catholic Missionaries who sought to
convert Indians and save them from the fur
trappers.
1. Some were brutally killed by Indians (although in
the eyes of Indians, Jesuits held up best to torture
and were thus more respected than other European
groups).
2. Played a vital role as explorers and geographers.
E. Other explorers
1. Antoine Cadillac -- founded Detroit in 1701
-- Aimed to keep English settlers out of the Ohio
Valley
2. Robert de La Salle -- Sailed from Quebec, down through the
Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi River in 1682 with
the help of Indian guides.
a. Goal: prevent Spanish expansion into Gulf of
Mexico region
b. Coined the name "Louisiana" in honor of Louis XIV
3. French establish posts in the Mississippi region
(New Orleans most important—1718)
a. Attempt to block Spanish expansion into the Gulf of
Mexico.
b. Forts and trading posts in Illinois country:
Kaskaskia, Cahokia, & Vincennes
-- Large amounts of grain sent down the
Mississippi River for shipment to the West
Indies and Europe.
Impact of French (and British) on eastern
woodlands Indians: decimation by
diseases, gun warfare & alcoholism.
Contributions of Mother Countries to North America
1. England: Democratic forms of local government;
tradition of hard-working, zealous individuals,
English language
2. France: Language, culture, and religion introduced
to Canada and Louisiana and to many Amerindians
west of Appalachians; large-scale trade with
Amerindians
3. Spain: Schools, hospitals, and printing presses
established by missionaries; Spanish language in
the Southwest; teaching of Christianity and
handicrafts to Amerindians.
The Royal Government in
New France, 1663

Originally ran by a joint stock companey, The Charter of the
Company of 100 Associates (1627-1663)
•
•

Intendant
•



in charge of the church which in turn was responsible for the spiritual and social needs of the colony
through its church, its schools, charities, hospitals and for the conversion of the Natives.
The Sovereign Council
•

represented the king in the colony. He was responsible for the defense of New France and for relations
with the English and the Indians.
Bishop
•

Responsible for the daily economic affairs of the colony, trade, justice, finance, and settlement
Governor
•

Chamblain 1st Governor of Quebec
Charter cancelled because it had defaulted on its promise to transport thousands of
settlers to New France
Consisted of a dozen officials including the governor, intendant and bishop. It acted as a legislative,
administrative and judicial body and it was the sole governing authority in the colony responsible to
the king.
Captains of Militia:
The Captains of the Militia reported to the Intendant about the concerns of the
habitants and informed the habitants of the Intendant's plans.
More centralized government structure than the English colonies (less selfgovernment), no representative assemblies
Climb the ladder answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
Belief in religious freedom was central to the development
of the Northern colonies of Massachusetts and Rhode
Island, while primarily economic motives drove the
interests of the Southern colonies of Virginia and South
Carolina
The Puritans goal was to build a religious utopian society
and were initially successful at this venture in
Massachusetts Bay, but faded over time because of their
religious intolerance.
The British policy of salutary neglect primarily allowed for
self-government to develop in the colonies, while letting a
significant degree of freedom of religion, and a small degree
of free trade to grow.
The British and Spanish empires were similar in their
mercantilist economic outlooks, while strongly divergent in
their treatment of Native Americans and their degree of
centralization of government
Essay 2

Compare and contrast settlement in
colonial New England compared to
Virginia from 1607 to 1754
Map Activity



Chesapeake
Bay


Label and date all 13
colonies
Draw borders around the
dividing line between the
Southern, Middle, & New
England Colonies
Label the port cities of
Philadelphia, New York,
Boston, & Charleston
Label the Appalachian
Mountains
Circle the 2 Chesapeake
Colonies and label the
Chesapeake Bay
13 Colonies
KEY
New England
Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rhode Island,
Connecticut
Middle
Colonies
New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware
Southern
Colonies
Maryland, Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia
New England Colonies
Farming was difficult in New
England because of:
• long winters
• thick forests
• rocky soil
* Fishing and trade became
major industries in New England.
Middle Colonies
• New York was first settled by the
Dutch, then the English.
• Pennsylvania was originally a
Quaker settlement.
• In time, Pennsylvania was settled
by German-speaking Protestants
known as the Pennsylvania Dutch.
• Farmers exported grain such as
wheat, barley, and rye.
• Therefore, the Middle Colonies
became known as the
Breadbasket Colonies.
Southern Colonies
• The South has rich soil and a
warm climate.
• Tobacco, rice, and indigo were
grown on plantations.
• Planters, or plantation owners,
relied on slave labor to
accumulate massive wealth.
1.“Belief in religious
freedom was central to
the development of some
colonies, while in other
colonies economic
interests dictated
development.”
 -Assess the validity of this
statement.

2. Throughout the colonial period,
economic concerns had more to do
with the settling of British North
America than did religious concerns.”
 -Assess the validity of this statement
with specific reference to economic
and religious concerns.



Religion
• NE- Puritans, City Upon a Hill, Roger Williams- RI,
yet trade Boston & shipping
• Penn- Quakers, holy experiment, yet trade
Philadelphia & bread basket
• Maryland- Catholic haven, proprietary colony, yet
tobacco farming
Economics
• Virginia- Joint-Stock Company, make money,
tobacco, Rolfe, plantations, slavery (Anglican)
• Carolinas- Cash crops- rice & indigo, slavery
imported from Barbados, Charleston port city
(Anglican)
• NY- Trade, NYC, Dutch West India company, fur
trade (Anglican)
• Georgia – Oglethorpe, debtors haven, buffer for
SC, failed utopia (Anglican)

3. In the seventeenth century, New
England Puritans tried to create a
model society. What were their
aspirations, and to what extent were
those aspirations fulfilled during the
seventeenth century?
4. Compare the ways in
which religion shaped the
development of colonial
society (to 1750) in TWO
of the following regions:
New England
Chesapeake
Middle Atlantic

New England




Colonies: MBC, Plymouth, Conn, New Haven, New Hampshire, RI
Religion- Puritans (Congregationalists), Separatists(Pilgrims), a
few outsiders like Quakers and Baptists
Ideas- Predestination- the elect, Work Ethic, reform the church,
intolerance, Social Covenant, Utopia- City Upon a Hill
Development:
• Gov- Theocracy, Church membership to vote
• Settlement Pattern• Economy- Trade- Boston, small farms, little slavery,
egalitarian
• Education- Train people to be literate in the Bible, or
universities like Harvard to train ministers
• Intolerance (b/c Utopia-perfect society)- RI Roger Williams,
Salem, Anne Hutchinson, Quakers, treatment of Native
Americans, Pequot War-Mystic River Massacre, King Phillip’s
War, Ethnicity- homogeneous, English
• Demographics- Great Migration, settle as families, in towns to
watch each other
Chesapeake
•Colonies: Maryland & Virginia (Jamestown)
•Religions: Catholics in Maryland, Church of England
(Anglicans) came to dominate, state (tax) supported
churches
•Development
• Economy: slavery, Cash Crops society
• Gov-House of Burgess- Land to vote, Salutary
Neglect
• Little public Education- William and Mary to train
Anglican ministers
• Demographics- mostly males in the beginning,
plantation settlements patterns
• Maryland- Started out as a Catholic refuge-Lord
Baltimore, but overrun by Anglicans- Religious
Toleration Act-1649
Middle Atlantic

• Penn, NY, NJ, Delaware
Religions
• Dutch Reformed Church- Protestants-Patroonships
• Quakers- Penn-Utopia “Holy Experiment”- Proprietary
Colony
 Inner Light, no taxes for church, pacifists, no titles,
Penn and Fox, dislike of authority and official church
structure
• Development
 Tolerant: Open, liberal, attracts people, ethnic
diversity- Germans, English, Scotts-Irish. marketed
 Negotiated with Indians, more humane treatment in
Penn
 Overrun by outsiders, took over
 Economy: Trade NYC, Philadelphia, grain export,
little slavery in the beginning

5.
For the period before
1754, analyze the ways in
which Britain’s policy of salutary
neglect influenced the
development of American
society as illustrated in the
following,
•Legislative Assemblies
•Commerce
•Religion

Salutary Neglect: England does not closely watch over
the colonies or enforce rules

Legislative Assemblies (practiced self-gov)
•
•
•
•
•

In every colony, like the House of Burgess
Tied to the citizens, suffrage based on land ownership
Power of the purse, raise taxes, spend, raise a militia
Town Halls in NE
Royal governors
Commerce (Exercised some degree of free
trade)
•
•
•
•
Mercantilism: Navigation Acts
Triangle Trade, Slave trade, middle passage
Cash crops
Smuggling

Religion (Freedom in area to practice
religion separate from the Church of
England, led to variety & diversity)
• Anglicans, no Bishops in colonies, Little direct control
from the King
• Protestants: Puritans, NE, purify, Separatists &
Plymouth, Quakers, & Penn, Presbyterian & Scots-Irish,
Baptists & RI
• Catholics, Maryland haven, overrun by Protestants,
Toleration Act 1649
• Religious freedom in Penn & RI
• Established Churches
• Great Awakening
6.
Compare the ways in which
TWO of the following reflected
tensions in colonial society:
 Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
 Pueblo Revolt (1680)
 Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692)
 Stono Rebellion (1739).


7.
How did economic,
geographic, and social factors
encourage the growth of slavery as
an important part of the economy of
the southern colonies between 1607
and 1775?

8.
Compare and contrast the
colonies of TWO of the following
groups in North America before
1763.
• British
• French
• Spanish
Economics
 Spanish
 French
 English
Government
 Spanish
 French
 English
Geography
 Spanish
 French
 English
Religion
 Spanish
 French
 English
Native Americans
 Spanish
 French
 English
3) All ships used in trade had to be built in either England or
the colonies.
Mercantilism – An economic system based on
the idea that a nation could increase its wealth
by importing raw materials from, and export
finished goods to, its colonies.
Video: The Navigation Acts
& the Glorious Revolution 0:05:24
Videos: The Triangular Trade and the Middle
Passage
The Triangular Trade – Summary (1:58)
Roots : rebellion amongst the slave ship Lord Ligonier by
Kunta Kinte (5:39)
Middle Passage - from Amistad (edited - 3:34)
Slave Trade Documentary (2008) - American descendants of
slave traders trace their ancestry and explore the issue of race.
(5:09)
In what ways did the French
and Indian War alter the
political, economic, and
ideological relations
between Britain and its
American colonists?
Confine your answer from
1740 to 1766.
Evaluate the relative importance
of TWO of the following as
factors prompting Americans to
rebel in 1776:
-Parliamentary taxation
-Restriction of civil liberties
-British military measures
-The legacy of colonial
religious and political ideas
To what extent did the American
Revolution fundamentally
change American society? In
your answer be sure to address
TWO of the following as factors
from 1775 to 1800:
-political
-social
-economic
“The American
Revolution brought about
a social revolution in
America from 1775-1800”
-Assess the validity of this
statement
Analyze the degree to which the
Articles of Confederation
provided an effective form of
government with respect to any
two of the following:
-Foreign relations
-Economic conditions
-Western Lands
“The Constitution did not come
from a desire to protect the
liberties won in the American
Revolution, but rather to protect
the financial interests of the
framers.”
-Assess the validity of this
statement.
To what extent was
the US Constitution
a radical departure
from the Articles of
Confederation?
Declaration of Independence
4th of July, 1776
 Thomas Jefferson
 Life, Liberty, & the pursuit of
happiness
 All men are created equal
 2nd Continental Congress
 Blames the King
 Not a system of laws
 1st draft blamed the king for the
slave trade
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Articles of Confederation, 17761789
Northwest Ordinance
 Banned slavery in the Northwest
Territory
 Unicameral legislature
 No President or federal courts
 Guided the nation through the
Revolutionary War
 Shays’ Rebellion
 State centered, these united states

Ethnic Groups
Constitution, 1789 starts
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We the people of the United States
Philadelphia Convention, 1787
James Madison
Beard Thesis
President, Bicameral House and Senate, Federal
Courts
3/5 clause, abolished slave trade, yet protects
slavery and returns fugitive slaves
Whiskey Rebellion
Bill of Rights
• Right to bear arms, jury trial, I plead the 5th,
freedom of press, assembly, and religion
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5.
For the period before 1750,
analyze the ways in which Britain’s
policy of salutary neglect influenced
the development of American society
as illustrated in TWO of the following,
• Legislative Assemblies
• Commerce
• Religion
4. Compare the ways in
which religion shaped the
development of colonial
society (to 1750) in TWO
of the following regions:
New England
Chesapeake
Middle Atlantic
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