Cold War Patterns
Anti communism
Anti colonialism
Western Economic Cooperation
Scientific and Tech Advances
Environmental Decline
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Transportation and Communication
Computer Advances
Genetics & Medical Advances
Environmental Issues
– Depletion of Non renewable energy sources
• Oil & minerals
– Pesticides DDT
– Nuclear energy
United States Economic Dominance
• Allied powers formed the IMF & World Bank & GATT
– International Monetary Fund
• “to encourage international economic growth and free trade”
• World Bank
– International Bank of Reconstruction and Development
• GATT
– General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
• Created to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers
– Particularly important to the United States
World Modernization
Economic Disparity
• From 1960 to 1990 consistent decline in income for the
poorest nations
• The IMF and Creditor-Debtor Relationship
– Money lending to developing nations
– Debt increased
– IMF demands
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Domestic financial reforms
Politically unpopular austerity programs
“Balanced” budgets
More private enterprise
Food & Famine Post WWII
• World per capita
food production
increased
– Poverty &
malnourishment
increased
• 1980s Philippines
– ½ the crops exported
by mostly U.S.
Corporations
– Most children there
were malnourished
http://www.unicef.org/philippines/Fahadbefore-and-after-low.jpg
Famine
• 1970-80s
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China
Bangladesh
India
Cambodia
The Sahel (South of the Sahara)
Eastern Africa
Southern Africa
• 1982 UNICEF estimated 40,000
children died/day
– Hunger related disease, poor
health, poor sanitation
Dispossession
• Peasants forced from land they once farmed,
as corporations converted it to the production
of export crops
• Peasants migrated into cities, creating slums
– Latin America 1980s 10% of landowners owned
90% of the farm land, Majority of peasants owned
none at all.
Growing Economic Interdependence
• Growing power of multinational corporations
lessened control of individual nations over
their own economies
– Businesses increasingly operated on a Global scale
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Chase Manhattan
Standard Oil
United Fruit Company
McDonalds, KFC
– Growing service sector of the world economy
Rebellions & Conflicting Ideologies
• International Anti-Colonial movement
– Rebellion against white male control & Hegemony
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Africa
Asia
Latin America
United States
Socialism & Anti-Communism
• Western Europe
– Dominated by moderate socialist or moderate
conservative parties
– Socialists favored sweeping social welfare
measures, less hostile towards the Soviet Union,
willing to grant independence to colonies
• Overall, heirs of the progressive tradition of support for
civil rights & individual liberties
United States Conservativism
• United States
– Socialism repressed & dismantled by the
government
– Split between conservatives and liberals
• Progressives wanted government to protect civil rights
of the minorities and address needs of the poor, were
sympathetic to peaceful co-existence with the Soviet
Union and China
– Conservatives sought more power for the
government and executive on behalf of
corporations and the wealthy
Anti-communism leaders
• Asia
• Africa
• Latin America
– Opposed communism, democracy, civil liberties
– Opposed to social reforms & redistribution of
property
• Military dictatorships Supported by the
United States
Decolonization
• WWII weakened Western Imperialist Control
• Growing disenchantment with Imperialism in
Western Nations
– Cost of maintaining an empire
– Depletion of resources
• Resistance of colonized
– Asia, Africa, Latin America
– Massive impoverishment
Soviet Union & U.S.
• Sent economic and military aid, military advisers,
troops in covert operations to support friendly
governments or political factions
– Many new leaders feared being trapped in neoimperialism by cooperating with superpowers
– Also feared being trapped in imperial struggles
• When the elephants fight, it’s the grass that get’s trampled
– Many 3rd world leaders formed a non-aligned or neutral
nations
Policy of Non-alignment
• First Conference in 1961
• 1968, 101 nations took part in the 8th conference
– Called for new economic order to lessen economic
disparity between nations and people
• To ensure "the national independence, sovereignty,
territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in
their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression,
occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well
as against great power and bloc politics".
Gamal Abdel Nasser
• 1954 Overthrew a corrupt monarchy in
Egypt
– King Farouq supported by Britain
• Promised to rescue Arab nations from
imperialist domination
• Policy of non-alignment or neutralism
Nasserism & the “Eisenhower
Doctrine”
• Feared the spread of Nasserism throughout the oil
rich middle east
• In 1957 the “Eisenhower doctrine” pledged to
defend Middle eastern Countries “against overt
armed aggression from any nation controlled by
international communism.
– Anti communist rhetoric supplied the justification for
maintaining governments that supported the west’s need
for oil.
– International CIA Suppression
The Marshall Plan and NATO
• Institutions designed by the US to implement
containment in Europe.
– Marshal Plan
• massive economic aid to western Europe.
– NATO
• military assistance/alliance involving the US and noncommunist European nations to resist potential soviet
military advance.
• To protect the economic interests of the United States
and allies (western regional and international
cooperation)
Warsaw Pact
• The soviet union reacted by creating the
Warsaw Pact,
– military alliance with 7 European communist
nations.
• Cold war division of Europe in place, 35 more years of
stand off and fear of nuclear war.
United States Covert Operations
• Eisenhower the military budget was reduced, relying
on nuclear capabilities and covert action.
– Elevated psychological warfare and informational
programs into major cold war weapons
– Radio broad castes globally and programmed in more
languages
– Covert Action & economic leverage (embargo & Trade &
Aid)
• The US Information Agency
– Coordinate anti communist informational and propaganda
campaigns.
Covert Action and economic
leverage
• Shift of focus to 3rd world
– CIA covert action and economic leverage replaced overt
military confrontation as its primary foreign policy
• Less expensive, less visible, less likely to provoke public
controversy.
• Elevated psychological warfare and Information programs into
weapons
• Funded radio free Europe
School of the Americas
• US offered 3 billion dollars in economic aid to
friendly nations a year
• Trained 225,000 representatives from nations
in anticommunism and police tactics
– Contributed to the development of military
dictatorships
Algeria
• France not willing to grant independence
– The National Liberation Front fought a bloody war against the French
(1954 – 1962)
• 1 million Algerians killed
• 1,000s of French casualties
• Divided French society in much the way Vietnam did the United States
– Colons were 10% of the population
– France established secret army to fight those who supported
independence
– FLN attacked urban centers populated by Colons
– French bombed villages, removed families from the countryside,
tortured suspects
– General De Gaulle took power in 1958 in France, negotiated
– Independence achieved 1962
1960s
• France granted all of West African colonies
independence
– Senegal under Leopold Senghor
– Ivory Coast
– Nigeria, military president, Yukubu Gowan
• Military dictatorships predominated &
Maintained close economic ties with France
Africa Today
• United States Intervention
– USAFRICOM or AFRICOM
– Involved in 53 African Nations
– Operational by September 30, 2008
• Guise of Anti-terrorism
– Fighting terrorism world wide
– Spreading democracy and western institutions